History Of Bloodstain Patterns Essay Example for Free

History Of Bloodstain Patterns EssayFunction of bloodstain pattern analysisBloodstain pattern interpretation/analysis has been or so for many years but has only really been recognized in the past several decades. This interpretation/analysis is like a very primary(prenominal) tool that an investigator or forensic scientist may use to help them better understand what happened or what did not happen in a good example where there was bloodshed.Discoverable through the examination of bloodstain patternThe information that can be discovered or obtained when examining bloodstain patterns can help in apprehending a suspect, corroborating a witnesses statement, interrogating suspects, allowing for reconstruction of past events and lastly but probably the most important exonerating an accused. All bloodstains can provide important specifics to an event that occurred during an incident, so they are ever so examined. This is a very crucial part of an investigation, but it is never 100% , errors do occur.Static AftermathThere is such a thing called unmoving aftermath. What an analyst evaluates is the static aftermath of an event the shapes, volumes, patterns, number and size of bloodstains and their relationships to the scene.Timeline of bloodstain pattern analysisSurprisingly to me the study of bloodstain patterns has been going on since the 1800s. On the following rogue is a time line showing the history of bloodstain patterns interpretation/analysis. The timeline I made begins in the 1860s and goes through the 1970s, not every significant spot is included on this particular timeline. 1970s MacDonell worked under a LEAA grant, and completed 3 different articles through the 1990s.He has trained many in faithfulness enforcement and has developed courses to continue to train analysts. 1970s MacDonell worked under a LEAA grant, and completed 3 different articles through the 1990s. He has trained many in lawfulness enforcement and has developed courses to conti nue to train analysts. 1863 -The Becks wrote Elements of Medical Jurisprudence, which discussed cases in which bloodstain pattern analysis was utilized.1863 -The Becks wrote Elements of Medical Jurisprudence, which discussed cases in which bloodstain pattern analysis was utilized.1939 Balthazard is known for doing lord research and experimentation with bloodstains and patterns. 1939 Balthazard is known for doing original research and experimentation with bloodstains and patterns.1882 Professor Charles Tidy published Legal Medicine. 1882 Professor Charles Tidy published Legal Medicine.1955 Dr. Kirk submitted bloodstain establish and findings in a case this was significant in recognition of bloodstain evidence by the legal system. 1955 Dr. Kirk submitted bloodstain evidence and findings in a case this was significant in recognition of bloodstain evidence by the legal system. 1895 Piotrowski published a book concerning blood stains from blows to the head. 1895 Piotrowski publ ished a book concerning blood stains from blows to the head.1880 Henry Faulds published, On-skin Furrows of the Hand, described spread over fingerprints and their likely usage to identify the criminal. 1880 Henry Faulds published, On-skin Furrows of the Hand, described bloody fingerprints and their likely usage to identify the criminal. 1856 Lassaigne wrote a paper that included discussion of marks that appeared to be bloodstains but was from insects. 1856 Lassaigne wrote a paper that included discussion of marks that appeared to be bloodstains but was from insects.

Ethnic Group Essay Example for Free

Ethnic Group EssayIn this experiment, I write active ethnic group and why we cannot define an ethnic group by their ethnic elements such(prenominal) as language, religion, customs and so on. I write this essay because there is a question about why we cannot define an ethnic group by their culture, whereas culture are one elements of an ethnic.There is problem of seeing ethnic groups as cultural groups the mere fact that two groups of people are of contrastive culture does not necessarily imply as has about al ways been assumed that they belong to two quite different social systems (Leach 1954 17), Someone is Lue by virtue of believing and calling himself Lue and of acting in ways that validate his Lueness (Moerman, 19651219), First of all, I want to tell what is ethnic group. Before ethnic groups, anthropologies who playing field colonial subject and society called society they studied as tribe and people they studied as tribal people.The word tribe was replaced by th e word ethnic groups by the 1960s because a tribal society is not as isolated as being assumed, tribal societies interact with one an another(prenominal), and the word tribe reflects Eurocentric views, a sharp qualitative distinction between ourselves and the people we study. There is a problem when we seeing ethnic groups as cultural groups because there bequeath be a different in their practice. For an example, ethnic burnt umber Banyumasan or Banyumas at Indonesia with Orang Jawa of Malaysia. Basically, they are an specific ethnic.But due to geographical differences for example, they consider different practice, language, religion and others. In the field of demography, we can see Jawa Banyumasan normally live in the southwest of Central Java. Technically, Jawa Banyumasan is one of the subgroups of the Jawa people groups, but they have their own cultural variations which differ from other Jawa peoples. While The Orang Jawa, (Jawa of Malaysia) has migrated from Central Java, wh ere the same place of Jawa Banyumasan, to Malaysia. This migrations due to Dutch colonization at Indonesia from 1880 to 1930.The Orang Jawa live in peninsular Malaysia in parts of Johor, Malacca, Perak, Selangor, and Kedah. Jawa Banyumasan have typical Javanese dialect. Usually, easy for Jawa Banyumasan to understand conversations with other Jawa dialects. Level of javanese are likely family tree. The higher you go the more law of similarity or standardization there is. But the lower you go the more variety. However, many other Jawa groups difficult to understand the Banyumasan dialect because of the widespread of Banyumasan vocabulary.While the younger Orang Jawa who use Jawa language being less among them. well-nigh of them cannot remember how to speak it or never learned about it. In their daily live, Most of the Javas Banyumasan live as a farmer. When we compare with other tribe in Indonesia, Banyumasan have an advance in the way they farm. Other than have a fertile soil, they cultivate the land well and they also have modern equipment to do their farming. Banyumasan also have their own small industries for example weave bamboo and brown sugar. To meet other needs, this commodity is sold to other regions.For Orang Jawa (Malaysia), their new generations who live in city have assimilated with the general Malay culture. right off they also pop off as a bankers, pilots, accountants, politicians, and also engineers. They well known as a efficient and industrious people. In Selangor, some of Orang Jawa work as a Islamic religious teacher. Orang Jawa who live in villages, they still maintains their identity and traditions. People who are not Jawa but come from other Malay group, when they married with Orang Jawa, they also claimed or called themselves as Orang Jawa, or Jawa Peranakan.Other than grown up their own vegetables, and livestock, they also involved in tourism activities by make their way of life as a tourist attraction. Orang jawa well known as a fr iendly people. They usually will invite visitors to share meal with their families even though they often have a large family with some having between 10 to 17 children. married affairs is a big thing to Orang Jawa. Sometimes, they celebrate marriages last up to three days. Giving gift to the newlyweds are also a vulgar thing for Orang Jawa.They more to help each other rather than during weddings rather than receive a larges sum of money. In their belief, or religion, majority of Javas Banyumas are Muslims. However, around 80% of them are Muslim identity card (abangan). While the other 20% were devout Muslim (students), who are pietistical Muslim and lead Islamic teaching seriously. Other than that, some of Javas Banyumas still believe in animism. They also believe with spirits such as bujungan, jangkrong, and dhemit. Places like grave, mountains, caves and sea it is considered sacred.When they sick or being disturbed by spirits, they will using shaman to help them. They often hol d ceremonies with mantras and offerings to their areas defend by disasters. While the Orang Jawa are usually Sunni Muslims. During wedding ceremonies and circumcision, they perform the jedur, a songs of praise to the Prophet of Muhammad which have been compiled in a book called Silawatan. They will also perform the kempling, a type of dance to giving praise to Allah during religious occasions.During the performance, they will use tools where made of lambs wool and wood. Before and after the dance, record is being read. It takes a group of ten to twenty people to perform it. The kempling performance is a time for people to get together to build ethnic solidarity and unity. They also will share problem to the other members during the performance. As a conclusion, due to differences in their cultural elements such as language, religion, customs, way of life and so on, we cannot define an ethnic group by their culture.The cultural boundaries do not always correspond with ethnic bounda ries. Like Edmund Leach, Political systems of Highland Burma A study of Kachin Social Structure (1954) said the mere fact that two groups of people are of different culture does not necessarily imply as has nearly always been assumed that they belong to two quite different social systems (Leach 1954 17) Assuming that ethnic groups are cultural groups will fail to address respective(a) aspects of ethnic phenomena. Other than that, Ethnic groups cannot be defined by culture. An ethnic group is a group of people who believe that they share the same ancestry, history, cultural traits such as language and religion which are distinct from other groups.

Need For Effective Leadership Consequences Of Ineffective Leadership Management Essay

Need For Effective Leadership Consequences Of Ineffective Leadership anxiety EssayLeadership sewer be viewed as a process of influencing activities and actions of an organized group or team in its efforts towards setting goals and achieving goals. (Stogdill, 1990). A overtakeer is an individual who considerably affects the thoughts, feelings, and behaviours of a considerable number of individuals. (Gardner, 1995). Leadership is a process it is comprised of more than the leader and the situation (Church, 1998). When viewed in the terms of organizations leadinghip is considered to be a special contribution because it makes a significant difference to the success of the organization. (Tjosvold and Wong, 2000). When leadership is effective in an organization ordinary can be transform into extraordinary and this leads to satisfaction of customers, employees and top management, i.e. both atomic number 18 content and satisfied. (Tjosvold and Wong, 2000). The four Vs of Leadership hav e been considered as critical when defining it they are vision, values, value-Added, and vitality. (Shaw, 2006). There are various viewpoints from which leadership has been defined previously, including individual traits, behaviours, contextual perspectives, and combinations of these viewpoints. (Taormina, Robert. J, 2008).Need for Effective Leadership- Consequences of Ineffective LeadershipLeadership in an organization must focus on the essential actions and behaviours of the leaders if view of the following ill consequences and hence it is extremely important to develop the quality of leaders and continuously improvise on managers abilities to lead the organizational teams. (Georgenson, 2009)1. Leaders not providing SMART (Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic and Time) targets to their employeeso Low synchronisation of personal and organizational objectiveso Workforce may become sterileo Lack of clarity regarding what is to be achievedo Frustration may build among the work force(Source www.learnmarketing.net)2. If leaders are not providing clear, positive and instant sentiment about the employees work standard and results achieved.o Reluctance among the employees regarding managers interest in the work.o Unproductive behaviours may persist leading to long term impairment in productivity of workforce.3. If leaders do not provide continuous improvement avenues.o Employees waste time looking for ways to become emendo Employees employ irrelevant activity for improvemento Development of employees is restricted leading to less productive workforce4. If leaders are ineffectual to provide for effective performance appraisalo Continuation of poor performanceo Employees consider their current performance as acceptableo Problems in meeting targets set for future(Georgenson, 2009)Beyond achieving performance related organizational goals effective leadership makes an organization capable of meeting contemporary challenges in todays business environment such as need for competitive advantage, ensuring ethical behaviour and achieving productivity through a diverse workforce in spherical companies in a fair and equitable manner. (Jones George, 2004)Teamwork- The Spirit of Successful OrganizationsA team is a small number of people with complementary skills who are commit to a common purpose, performance goals, and approach for which they hold themselves mutually accountable. (Katzenbach and Smith).Teamwork not only promotes a sense of comradeship within an organization, it is also transmitted to all clients or customers who do business with the organization. (Twomey Kleiner, 1996). Teamwork may have two kinds of objectives co-ordinating and innovating. Teamwork can be a measure to open the horizontal communication among the hierarchies, and it adds to the flexibility of the full-length organization. (Nurmi, 1996).Combining Teamwork and LeadershipTeamwork facilitates management and leadership, and it helps improve communication and saves the time of both the employees and management. Teamwork in companies is structured. A team has a team leader who coordinates with the team members in defining and achieving other roles, objectives, accountability, schedules and deadlines. (Nurmi, 1996). In present day companies and in modern management teamwork is a necessity. There is a necessity of teamwork in a usable organization where they are needed for the co-ordination of different departments because all the departments in the organization are partly responsible for the collective performance of the whole organization as a unit. (Nurmi, 1996).Challenges for leadershipA research conducted by C.D. McCauley, Ohlott Ruderman, 1999 helped in identifying five basic categories of challenges for leadership. (C.D. McCauley, Ohlott Ruderman, 1999, cited in Antonakis, John, Ciancolo, Anna. T., Sternberg, Robert, 2004). These area) Creation of a change by winning the organization in new directions addressing problems of previous le adership and decide in the face of uncertainty.b) Management at higher levels of right and commitment as the leaders decisions guide the organizations moves.c) Management of issues related to leaders authority on other people.d) Effective management of diversity within an organizational culture.e) Being unflappable during air transitions, change of responsibilities and building relationships.I as a Consultant- Advices and SuggestionsMy advices in relation to the improvement of leadership and enhancing teamwork skills and performance levels and productivity. I will be predominantly citing examples from the globose outsourcing and consulting giant Infosys Technologies Ltd. My suggestions for improvement of leadership levels would be the following. They have been categorized into several strategic intentions and actions towards developing the leadership skills. They are1. Leaders need to build self-importance esteem among the employees who follow them. They must seek their advice on the issues and make them feel important. In this way the employees will feel that they are needed and will be more than willing to work for the leaders. Its also important for the leaders to understand the employees needs for appraisal and motivation in several forms. Being a skinny leader means that they understand the people they work with and respect them for their contribution.Infosys points out that moral intelligence is new to the analytical playing field, and highlights four key principles that can sustain moral intelligence Integrity Responsibility Compassion Forgiveness. (Ethics, success and leadership the Infosys way, 2006)1. Integrity is creating harmony between what we believe and how we act, doing what we know is right (and this decidedly includes telling the truth at all times).2. Responsibility is a person who is willing to take responsibility for their own actions, and the consequences only by taking this responsibility do you stay true to core values.3. Compassio n is broadened to include caring about others, which then shows our respect for others. It also has a boomerang effect, because generally when a compassionate person is in trouble, we return compassion to them.4. Forgiveness is a key principle because without a tolerance for mistakes and acknowledgement of human imperfection, we are believably to be rigid and inflexible, thereby reducing the common good.

Physical, Social and Emotional Development of Toddlers

physical, Social and Emotional Development of bambinosEVERTHING YOU NEEDED TO KNOW ABOUT TODDLERSPLANNING FOR PARENTINGA booting plan is an arrangement in advance for an unborn baby. The Parenting plan includes time each parent will spend with their baby. The Parenting plan also about the major(ip) life decisions such as Education, Health, Safety etc. The parenting plan should be cr sweep awayed so that minor lives his/her life in a way they want to live. The Childs needs come first so make sure that your planning plan includes everything a peasant need before u buy anything for yourself. The parenting planning should include how would you treat your baby and how would you walk out care of the baby. The parenting plan should include that the baby. The parenting plan should also include exploring the world with your child and telling them everything they ask. The plan could also make sure that if parents separated ace of the parents should accept the kid. Develop a plan for t heir reproductive life. A expectant woman should intake folic acid at least 400 micrograms. A pregnant woman should check her immunization record for preventive of the baby and does not dedicate any medical issues or any other family health history. A woman should be able to cope with her depression and anxiety as it coffin nail discover the health of the baby.IMPORTANCE OF HEALTHY PREGNANCYHealth crooks major role in pregnancy. A pregnant woman good healths mean her baby has good health. Women who concentrate more on her eating diets and health would have fewer difficulties during pregnancy and will give birth to a well- extended baby. Alcohol consumption and Smoking should be prohibited as this would affect the baby and could lead to miscarri mature. A woman should avoid seafood or any refrigerated meat as it some sea food has mercury in it and could harm the baby. But some fishes like tuna, shrimps stop be eaten 6 ounces per week.TODDLERPhysical development is a type of d evelopment where a child develops by interacting with the world. Physical development includes a yearling growth and ability to use those physical skills. realize motor development and Fine Motor skillsGross motor development is a child using the entire body or several parts of the body at one time. Activities like crawling, streak and walking are all part of Gross motor development. Fine motor skills involve the coordination and control of small muscles, and skills like holding a rattle, picking up crumbs and scribbling with a pencil. Some areas to look when developing gross motor development and fine motor skills.Muscle tone A bambino should have a firm control on what he holds on.Muscle strength A toddler is muscle strength is described by the weight he can pick up.Quality of movements A toddler would have fast body movements or slow body movement depending upon their body growthPhysical development by age oneA toddler can gestate and sit without support and can control his legs and hands.Physical development by age twoA toddler now can run and go up and down the stairs. He would use spoon and fork to eat his meal which shows his/her table manners. A toddler will attempt to dress and have a bladder control. He can kick a lout and can build six blocks of tower.Physical development by age threeA toddler can run well and can stand on one foot. A toddler can button and unbutton his/her shirts and can put on his/her own shoes and socks may not be able to tie shoe laces.INTELLECTUAL increaseIntellectual development is defined as a childs ability and thinking to look the world. Toddlers continue to develop their intellectual skills by learning new skills, understanding of certain events and current events and have a certain increase in memory. Toddler now can explain their experiences and their dreams. It is the construction of thought processes, including remembering, problem solving, and decision-making. In childhood, its important to develop cognitive skills in a child so he can face problems on his own when he grows up.Intellectual development by age oneA parent should use unproblematic gestures to communicate with the toddler at this age. A toddler explores things with shaking, banging and throwing.Intellectual development by age twoToddler now can be able to point what he/she wants and can understand instructions given from their parent A toddler remembers names of familiar people. A toddler can find a hidden object under 2 or 3 covers.Intellectual development by age threeA toddler can sort color and shape independently. A toddler can play simple pretend games and can complete a 3-4 pieces of puzzle. A toddler can follow up to 2 instructions at one time like open the jar and take one cookie.EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENTEmotional development is the growth of childs emotions, experience, expression and understanding. It is important for parents to accept that their actions and behaviour has a lot of influence on a toddlers child develo pment.Emotional development by age oneA toddler would be shy or afraid with strangers and would show fearfulness in some situations. A toddler shows love and affection to familiar people and would have temper tantrums like screaming, crying and whining.Emotional development by age twoA toddler would recognize herself in a photograph or in a mirror.Emotional development by age threeA toddler now underSOCIAL DEVELOPMENTPARENTS AND CAREGIVERS CAN DO TO PROMOTE DEVELOPMENTMultiple Ways Parents can wage hike physical development t in toddlers areA parent should participate or play with their child for at least 60 to 90 minutes to increase the physical growth of a child.Parents should not let his/her child to spend most of his time on electronic devices.Parents should try to play interesting games with their kid so it could help their bones and maintain a healthy weight.Multiple Ways parents can boost intellectual development in toddlers areA parent should play games like board games an d hide and seek and should help them to identify objects, shapes and colours to increase thinking skills and creativity.LITERARY AND indication TO CHILDRENThe development of literacy skill is an important part of a toddlers life. It helps in other vital skills like socialization, management and working independently. A child should have strong literary development to read, understand, write and speak. Its important for a toddler to read as it would develop a strong tail end for literacy skill. A toddler can identify pictures and objects in a book and can talk about them. A toddler knows shapes, knows how words can poetry and names of familiar people. A toddler should be able to read his books as reading increases thinking and problem solving skills.Multiple Ways parent can boost literary skills areA parent should read with his toddler and help them understand the book and teach them new words.A parent should ask the toddlers about the picture in the book and talk about it.Talk ab out your childs feelings and emotions and try to tell your feelings to them so they can understand.Talk about each others day and tell the toddler about your family stories.FOOD CHOICESSAFETY ISSUES AND CONCERNSA toddlers safety is a parents responsibility. Toddlers are too young to understand or learn about safety. They need a safe environment to develop and explore the world.Ways to prevent injuries to your toddlersHave a first aid in your house so that if a child has a minor filiation down, you can treat him.http//www.cyh.com/HealthTopics/HealthTopicDetails.aspx?p=114id=1996np=305http//raisingchildren.net.au/articles/developing_literacy.htmlreadinghttp//www.friendshipcircle.org/blog/2014/06/09/10-ways-to-promote-your-childs-cognitive-development/http//www.healthline.com/health/pregnancy/healthy-pregnancyHealth1http//kidztrainer.com/wallpapers/Cute-children-room-design-inspiration-vertbaudet-kid-bedroomsthash.jrluZSvG.dpbshttp//www.kidspot.com.au/discoverycentre/Development-Devel opment-Physical-development-in-babies-and-children+5367+553+article.htm

Virgin Atlantic Market Segmentation

virginal Atlantic Market SegmentationProvide a hypothetical ROMI analysis if Virgin spent an bare 5m in mart based on a 25% margin, 10% for apostrophizes, against 500m in gross sales, what is the break crimson on the 5m bare investment, provide the calculations and critical analysis.INTRODUCTIONThe marketing de situationment is certainly at the heart of any organization, since it is responsible for setting, implementing, and evaluating marketing strategies to meet the clients wants and needs, and to stop nodes so as to build returns and sustain the business.Smith and Rapin (2008) stated that marketing success is always driven by a thorough sagaciousness of the market and a set of strong marketing strategies. They have advocated measuring the marketing exercises of many a(prenominal) companies in recent grades. This trend of measuring marketing activities in any case was noted by McDonald and Mouncey (2009), who observed that increasingly, boards of directors and markete rs desire to evaluate market performances to visual aspect how marketing boosts sh areholder protect and whether a firm is accomplishing its marketing objectives. There is a need to crystaliseherstand the business, to develop a framework, and to quantify the performance of marketing objectives and programmes.Furthermore, Ambler (2003) defined the term marketing metrics, which is a metre of the whole businesss marketing performance, and suggested employing a portfolio of metrics to increase the accuracy of the results. Rust et al. (2004) found that a caller-up employing market metrics to forecast future uncertainties and directions has enhanced resource completelyocation, since ameliorate decisions can be made by drawing on lessons from the past. Therefore, measuring marketing performance, a company can improve its marketing efficiency and speciality, find out its strengths and weaknesses, establish precise insights between the investment in marketing activities and the fin ancial value that investment generates, and so forth.The purpose of this essay is to develop a practical(a) framework of marketing metrics for Virgin Atlantic Airways to measure its marketing efforts and spot its challenges. The essay begins by (1) presenting the business model for Virgin Atlantic Airways, (2) identifying the reverse marketing metrics for Virgin Atlantic and evaluating those, and (3) calculating the marketing performance by computing the return on marketing investment (ROMI) of the melt consumption and a break-even analysis of the skyways invigorated offer.PART I BUSINESS MODEL OF VIRGIN ATLANTIC AIRWAYSCompany OverviewVirgin Atlantic Airways Limited (Virgin Atlantic) is Britains second largest long-haul world-wide air passage. Apart from schedule divine services, Virgin Atlantic operates cargo transport services, flies to 31 destinations around the world using 37 aircraft, the average age of which is about six categorys (it has one of youngest fleets wor ldwide), carries nearly six million passengers each year, and employs nearly 9,000 people currently (Civil Aviation Authority, 2009 a Virgin Atlantic, 2009 c).Virgin Atlantic is a subsidiary company and the best-known business in the Virgin Group Ltd. (Virgin Group), which possesses a 51% stake of it, with the remainder having been sold to Singapore Airlines so the two skyways could operate together as a strategic partnership (Virgin Atlantic, 2009 c).Virgin Atlantic was founded in the U.K. in 1984. Its founder, Richard Branson, was motivated by terzetto problems of the airline persistence in that time flights were expensive, companies lacked innovation, and long-haul flights were monotonous and uncomfortable (Twivy, 1986). Therefore, Richard established Virgin Atlantic and disparateiated its brand with separate airlines by positioning fun, quality, and innovation as its core brand values. This can be seen from the airlines vision statement to provide the highest quality innova tive service at excellent value for money for all classes of air travellers. Its objective is to fly a profitable airline that people love to fly and where people love to work (Virgin Atlantic, 2009 c).Virgin Atlantic is a company setting a rising standard for the assiduity. It was the get-go to break the cabin hierarchy from a three- to two-class system, to install individual televisions on the seat backs in economy class, to introduce a fully flat sleeping bed in upper class, and to fly using bio-fuel at 30,000 feet (Twivy, 1986 Virgin Atlantic, 2009 c). Its innovative and comical offerings are great contri hardlying factors to its having won many business, client service, and trade awards worldwide. To sum up, the offers and value that Virgin Atlantic gives were a marked revolution for the airline industry.Business MapThe map above is created by summarising from the student information pack, Financial Information Press getup Full Press Information Kit 2009 at virgin-atlant ic.com. (Notice The customer section indicated above is only concerned with the passenger market). Appendixes A and B describe Virgin Atlantics current strategies and market segmentation.Industry HighlightsThe airline industry can be classified as either business logistics or passenger. Those that specialize in air-passenger transport can further divided into scheduled and non-scheduled services. In recent years, the low- price carriers of the scheduled market have grown rapidly, while the high-cost carriers are continually struggling to grow (Manley, 2009).Many airlines offer three flying classes for its passengers-first, business, and economy class-and they set different prices for the different segments. In terms of the consumer, the purchaser may not be the ultimate put onr of the service, so it is infallible for airlines to recognise the different needs of decision makers and users.Recently, the industry has been suffering during the economy downturn. In such conditions, mor e companies tend to downgrade their travel policies, so first and business class flights are being decreased sharply (Shaw, 2007).For airlines to maintain their business, they always have to pay for high operating and fixed expenditures (Civil Aviation Authority, 2009 b). Furthermore, economic, political, and sound changes, weather, and changes of fuel prices can have a significant impact on airlines (Manley, 2009).Many airlines attempt to cooperate with other similar airlines to serve more destinations, to be more convenient for customers, and to retain customer by rewarding with condescend flyer miles.(Appendix C describes Detailed Industry Overview)SOWT AnalysisSWOT analysis is a tool that illustrates a companys strengths and weaknesses (its internal environment) related to its competitors and what opportunities and threats it faces (its external environment) (Capon, 2009).Virgin Atlantic strengths are its strong brand image, its innovation for setting a new industry standard, i ts excellent customer service products, its close interactions with its customers (Virgin Atlantic, 2009 a), and its strategic alliances with other quality airlines that offer more destinations (Virgin Atlantic, 2009 c).Its weaknesses are that it is too reliant on Branson (a sharp mow in sales occurred after Bransons death), weak in the economy class-leisure market, and offers only limited destinations.Its opportunities are to target new segments of customers due to the aging of the population, to improve its service quality to become a five-star airline in Skytrax, and to reach more destinations to increase its market share.It is vulnerable(threats) to losing its customers due to the open-skies agreement (less regulation of flights between the E.U. and the U.S.), to extreme pressure from the rapid growth of low-cost carriers, recession, new industrial regulations, terrorist attacks, and soaring oil prices.(Appendix D and Appendix E discuss PESTEL analysis of the airline industry and Competitors analysis for Virgin Atlantic)PART II MARKETING METRICS FOR VIRGIN ATLANTIC AIRWAYSAfter reviewing of Virgin Atlantic, I would recommend a second of life-or-death marketing metrics, which can be categorised into the following four performance aspects financial-related (or shareholder), market-related, brand-related and customer-related. The following paragraphs explain why these were selected and discuss the measurement needs and impacts on the decision-making serve well of each metrics. Finally, recommendations and limitation of the framework are drawn.Profit is the most important factor for a company to survive. Kerin and Sethuraman (1998) pointed out that marketers always monitor financial performance because increasing earnings and cash flow turnout increases shareholder values made, and all marketing activities are funding by it. Therefore it is need to measure the financial-related performance which at least three metrics can used to monitor Virgins profit an d cost how efficiency of Virgin spend and generate profit-return on marketing investment (ROMI), return on sales (or profit margin), and net sales contribution. Firstly, return on marketing investment is the percentage of net profit generated by marketing activities divided by total marketing expenditures. ROMI measures how marketing expenditures contribute to profits and is used to insight into the positiveness of Virgins marketing activities. Secondly, return on sales is the net profit as a percentage of the sales revenue, which measures how company efficiency generates profits from sales turnovers and downplays expending, since net profits are adjoin to sales revenue minus total cost. Virgin Atlantic can use the above metrics to understand itself and the market by comparing these metrics against its key competitors or industries. Other important indictors related to financial performance include sales, gross profits, profit before taxes, and liquidity ratio, which do not take metrics since they can be easily obtained from the companys financial statements.Ambler (2003) observed that managers always concern the financial performance, and ignore other non-financial activities, for instance, sales is driven by customers indeed. Therefore customer is definitely needed to measure. Before marketing department is responsible for attracting and retaining customers-without customers, identifying who target customers are is also important, how they generate profit to Virgin. So, retention and churn, customer profitability, customer lifetime value, and net sales contribution can include. Firstly, retention rate is the percentage of customers a company is able to retaining over time, which also measures customer loyalty, while churn measures the percentage of customers lost. If the retention rate is low, the company has to spend more effort to retain its customers since it costs less than attracting new customers. If it is high, marketers should investigate the pro fitability of its relationships to measure this, customer profitability can be employed. Customer profitability is the profitability of customers based on the differences in customer revenue and cost, helps the company identify the most profitable customers. Farris et al (2006) suggest a process to calculating it sorting customers net profits, grouping customers by the customers profits in 10 deciles, and so it can show the distribution of profit generated by each group. Normally, the profitability of the top group is between 150 to 300% (ibid). Fourthly, customer lifetime value is an estimation of the customer value in the number of years the customer is expected to purchase a given product, which measures the worth of a customer as a loyal purchaser of the companys products or services. It is important to be aware that metrics are rough estimations since input data is difficult to predict and may change over time. Fifthly, net sales contribution is the sales generated from a spec ific segment divided by total sales. It measures how well the segment performed indoors all segments and insights which segments contribute the most to sales. The metrics mentioned above are invaluable to mangers to identify profitable customers and which marketing programs can be developed to reinforce the customer relationship with them (Davis, 2007). Other important indictors related to customer performance include purchase frequency, average amount per transaction or sales, and the number of customers or new customers from transaction support systems.Market performance and trends directly link to financial result, and are indictors for manger since they would know how capability of the market. No surprising, the measurement of market-related aspects is also needed. The break-even analysis, market share and growth, and category share, can be included. Firstly, break-even analysis is a tool for projecting the use of a new product or service, which measures how many units volit ion be required at a certain price to reach the break-even point. It can show how changes in price affect sales levels or how many years it go forth take to break even (Paek, 2000). Therefore, if the market size is not big enough, it is probably not to serve. Secondly, market share is the percentage of Virgins shares owned within the whole market which can calculate by the number of customers or sales value. Market growth is similar to market share but shows the percentage increase of this year compared with previous years. Thirdly, category share is the percentage of the number of customers who purchased an item of a specific brand divided by the number of customers who purchased an item under a specific category, measuring the popularity of a brand. Over time, market share, market growth, and category share provides marketers insight about Virgins performance sales against its competitors by monitoring the growth of the company and its competitors and consumer trends within the market, but category share shows more details about category growth, for example, whether customers were acquired from competitors or if total users were gained under the same category.According to McDonald, M. and Mouncey, P. (2009), brand account for at least 20 % of the companys asset, it helps customer to distinguish the company and its product among competitors, so it is indispensable to measure, but the challenges are many approaches available and difficult to qualify. The measurement of brand-related for Virgin can include brand awareness and loyalty, and customer satisfaction. Firstly, Brand Awareness measure the proportion of potential customers and consumers recognised the brand while brand loyalty is metrical by usage, how was the frequency customers purchased a brand. Awareness, loyalty top of mind (the first brand in a customer mind within a given category), attitudes (the degree of customer belief towards a given brand) can simultaneously be measured by conducting a s urvey. Those can insight the brand location in the customers heart which influences customer purchasing behaviours and the sales. More importantly, recognizing consumer and non-consumer group is needed since results of them is always different (Gupta Lehmann, 2005). Secondly, customer satisfaction is a rating to measure customers experiences on specific aspects, also measured by a survey. It shows how well of their offers meets customers expectations. However, the selection of survey responder should be careful, high satisfaction may not mean all the customers are satisfied some disappointed customers may simply leave from the company to competitors before the company noticed.Measuring marketing metrics is a continuous process, which should be done regularly (Patterson, 2005). Over time, metrics can illustrate the effectiveness of marketing strategies and tactics and market changes. More importantly, the measurement methods of metrics also changes over time methods currently emplo yed are considered state-of-the-art.Although Virgin can use the above models, still reminding other intangible factors cannot be measured, such as relationships, reputation and trust, culture and values, skills and competencies, knowledge, and processes and systems. These are important because of generating value for a company, and account for the volume of a companys assets (McDonald and Mouncey, 2009).In conclusion, the metrics recommended to asses Virgins marketing outcomes involve the following performances areas financial-related (or shareholder), market-related, brand-related and customer-related. Working with these metrics Virgin can monitor its revenue and spending, identify and retain the valuable customers, identify the chance expanding its market, insight customer perception towards the brand.PART III MARKETING CAMPAIGN FOR VIRGIN ATLANTIC AIRWAYSMarketing Challenge and StrategyVirgin Atlantic feared that the E.U./U.S. Open Skies Agreement, introduced in March 2008 (Stew art, 2007), would have a negative impact for the future of its market share. Virgin Atlantic may lose part of its customers, since 40% of Virgin Atlantics business class-travel now is between the U.S. and Europe (Foresight, 2008). No doubt Virgin Atlantic needs to retain its customers or to expand into other new markets.According to the World Tourism Organization, the route that serves the most passengers between the U.S. and London airports is between London and New York (ibid.). Virgin Atlantic plans to offer frequent business travellers an exclusive private luxury flight experience, operating a twice daily flight between London and New York, and pricing the book at 1000.Virgin Atlantic also decided to initiate a marketing campaign by using TV commercials and outdoor advisements near the airports to enhance Virgin Atlantics brand awareness among business travellers who fly often between New York and London. The target audiences are frequent flight business travellers or upscale leisure passengers (those who fly an average of ten times a year), male, aged 25 to 65, with more than 50,000 income per year.The following section employs two metrics, the break-even analysis and return on marketing investment, to forecast and measure Virgin Atlantics marketing performance.Assumptionsthe objective profit margin for the campaign was expected to be 25 %the 10% command processing overhead time on its sales generatedthe extra sales generated by the campaign are 15 millionthe operational and multivariate cost for flights twice a daily per year is 24 millionthe extra marketing expenditure for the campaign is 2 millionthe price of a flight is 1,000the average number of flights per consumer is ten per yearthe net profit contribution is 24 %the year of customer loyal and purchasing the tickets 10 times a year is 5 years.Calculation of break dance even for new business-classes flightsCustomer Equity per year= price of flight * average flight times a year= 1,000 * 10= 10 ,000Customer life history paleness= Customer Equity per year * period of year remains as a frequent flight business travellers= 10,000*5 = 50,000Customer animation net profit= Customer Lifetime equity * Net profit contribution= 50,000 * 0.25= 12,500 follow of customers need to Break-even= operational and variable cost for flights twice a day per year / Customer Lifetime net profit= 24m / 12,500 = 1,920If Virgin Atlantic can have 1,920 frequent flight customers who purchase the flight for 5 years, and 10 times per year, then this project will reach break even points.Calculation of ROMICampaign profits = assumed profit margin * extra sales generated= 25% *15 million =3.75 millionHowever, the campaign was overhead 10% in the 15 million sales,Extra cost for campaign= overhead percentage * extra sales generated= 10% *15 million sales =1.5 millionNet profit generated from the campaign = Campaign profits -Extra cost for campaign= 3.75 million-1.5 million = 2.25 million.ROMI = (Net Pro fit generated from the campaign / Campaign cost) *100%= ( 2.25 m / 2 m)*100% =112.5 %The result of ROMI is positive which means that marketing spending is deemed.As the extra cost 2 million is needed for the campaign, the break even point will be changed as followsCalculation of Post-Break even for new business-classes flights with extra cost in marketing.Customer Equity per year= price of flight * average flight times a year= 1,000 * 10= 10,000Customer Lifetime equity= Customer Equity per year * period of year remains as a frequent flight business travellers= 10,000*5 = 50,000Customer Lifetime net profit= Customer Lifetime equity * Net profit contribution= 50,000 * 0.25= 12,500Total cost for flights twice a day per year = operational and variable cost for flights twice a day per year + extra marketing cost= 24 million + 2 million = 26 millionNumber of customers need to Break-even= Total cost for flights twice a day per year / Customer Lifetime net profit= 26m / 12,500 = 2,080T he break-even analysis indicated that Virgin Atlantic will need 2,080 frequent flight customers who will purchase the flight ten times per year for five years to reach the break-even point for the whole new route with the new marketing campaign in play. After reaching 2,080 customers, the company will start to make a profit.The break-even analysis is computed twice to show the different outcomes if extra marketing spending is added. In fact, as the costs increase, the number of customers needed increases as well. Therefore, if the managers believe it is easy to reach the break-even point, the airline is in all likelihood to launch this route. As the break-even analysis uses customer lifetime equity for the calculations, it is possible for that the break-even point may fail to be met in the short term, but for long-term outlooks and for retaining customers, it still can be profitable (Dwyer, 1999).The positive ROMI indicates that the activity is healthy. If ROMI is equal to 100%, t his means the marketing campaign will break even. To compute the ROMI, the cost is needed, as Amber (2003) mentioned that sales revenues may not increase immediately after advertising begins, and it is difficult to determine whether the costs belong to the marketing department. Furthermore, spending decreases can result in maximizing the ROMI, so balancing expenses with marketing expenses with ROMI is also important (Lenskold, 2004).(3392 words)

Accepting Responsibility for the Behavior Towards Eva Smith :: An Inspector Calls J.B. Priestley Essays

Accepting Responsibility for the Behavior Towards Eva SmithAlthough to each one member of the Birling family and Gerald Croft have hadcontact with Eva Smith/Daisy Renton during the preliminary two years,none of them is aware of the others involvement in the tragedy untilthe day of the Inspectors visit. He makes them aware of the part theyhave played in her tragic end. The characters each react differentlyto the news and to the degree of responsibility which they shouldbear, Therefore I think the Inspector Call has caused the character tothink about their actions towards Eva Smith.ERICEric is a teenaged man, a sting of mess. His behaviour before the Inspectorarrives is described as thoughtless, careless and immature. He has nopersonality, this is evident on page 2 not quite as ease, half shy,half assertive. Her sister, Sheila, soon describes him as squiffyon page 3 which demonstrates he tends to drink a bit too oftentimes. But heshows he has a certain respect when he is speaking with his father,this is illustrated on page 4 not too discourteously.Despite his carelessness, after the Inspector arrives, Eric showsinvoluntary sympathy for Eva Smith when he learn about her death andhow Mr Birling had lay her off. This is manifested on page 11(involuntarily) My God This tells me he is sorrowful for her.When Eric has to admit how he behaved towards Eva Smith/Daisy Renton,he has a stronger sense of guilt, but that does not excuse hisbehaviour because the consequences are much worse. Although notentirely to blame for her suicide, he must take much of theresponsibility because he used her. He was drunk, and confessed thatit happened because he was not conscious, but he feels terribly sorryfor her, this is clearly showed on page 52 when he is trying tojustify himself well, I was in that state when a chap tardily turnsnasty However, he did not rape her she was offering her services asa prostitute. Also, she could have married him. It was her choice notto. He tried to answer her financially but she refused to accept anymore stolen money. Maybe Eva/Daisy was too honourable. NeverthelessEric deeply regret what he did, this is illustrated on page 52 Thats the fiendish thing. Oh - my God - how stupid it all is Thistells me he wanted to remember exactly what happened, and the factthat he can not, makes him feels angry and more guilty.As a last-place resort, Eva turns to the Brumley Womens CharityOrganisation for help.

College Admissions Essay: My Father Died a Drunk :: College Admissions Essays

My Father Died a Drunk At 4, I came to the breakfast display board and saw that my father had a horribly swollen eye and adhesive tape forming a shell on his nose. I didnt know that he got those injuries in a barroom fight I only know that I was deeply frightened and sorry that my father was hurt. This was the first of many bad memories. At 6, I awakened to the sound of a violent argument between my father and mother. I didnt know the reason for the quarrel I just cherished the sh revealing, cursing and threats to stop. I could even hear them when buried under the pillows and blankets on my bed. My father had lost his job because of his drinking. At 10, I never knew whether my father would be sober, reasonable, even pleasant - or drunk, argumentative and abusive. On one February day with four inches of snow on the ground and a freezing rain falling, I was walking home from my cousins house in the early evening and saw my father lying on the soggy, snow-covered sidewalk. I didnt know what my father would do if I roused him, and I was afraid to find out. Perhaps, subconsciously, I hoped my father wouldnt waken at all. I continued on, did nothing, said nothing. This I will remember with offense for the rest of my life. At 13, I came to hate Thursday because it was payday and I had to walk up to the shop where my father worked as a janitor, get the paycheck and pick out it to my mother so that it would not be spent on drink. I sensed this was demeaning to my father and I felt embarrassed. At 15, I was at the YMCA one Saturday when my father stopped by. He was drunk. He tried to play a game of pool with me and ripped the table covering with his cue stick. Many of my friends were watching. I didnt return to the Y for a month. At 16, the high school crowd I ran with had a party each month at a unlike house. How could I have that party when I never knew what condition my father would be in? Fortunately, my mother solved the problem by inviting my father out to dinner and a movie, leaving my older sister as a chaperone.