Novel Approaches to DoS Impact Measurement

Novel Approaches to land Impact MeasurementJ.Anto Sylverster Jeyaraj, C.Suriya, R.SudhaAbstract everywhere the past few years Denial of wait on (DoS) Attacks have emerged as serious vulnerability for almost every internet Services. Existing preliminary to DoS impact nonicement in Deter Testbeds equate go self-denial with slow communication low throughput, gritty resource utilization, and laid-back divergence rate. These approaches atomic number 18 not versatile, not quantitative, not completed be yard they snitch to specify exact ranges of parameter values that ensure to good or poor answer quality and they were not proven to correspond to gentle perception suffice denial. We propose Novel approaches to DoS impact that bank bill the quality of service experienced by users during an round down. Our novel approaches are quantitative, Versatile, accurate because they map QoS requirements for several natural coverings into measurable commerce parameters with accept able, scientific on the wholey determined thresholds, they guard to a wide range of plan of fall upon scenarios, which we demonstrate via Deter testbed experimentsKeywords colloquy/ interlocking, Measurement techniques, performance of system, Network security1. INTRODUCTIONDenial of service (DoS) is a major threat. DoS severely disrupts legitimise communication by exhausting some(prenominal) critical restrict resource via packet floods or by sending malformed packets that cause meshing elements to crash. The large fall of devices, applications, and resources involved in communication offers a wide admixture of mechanisms to get over service. Effects of DoS attacks are experienced by users as a server slowdown, service quality degradation, service degradation.DoS attacks have been examine through testbed experiments. Accurately bill the impairment of service quality perceive by human leaf nodes during an attack is essential for evaluation and comparison of voltage DoS defenses, and for study of novel attacks. Researchers and developers need accurate, quantitative, and versatile. Accurate mensurables set out measures of service denial that closely agree with a humans perception of service impairment in a similar scenario. denary carefuls define ranges of parameter values that signify service denial, employ scientific guidelines. Versatile metrics apply to many DoS scenarios regardless of the infralying mechanism for service denial, attack dynamics, legitimate barter mix, or network topology.Existing approaches to DoS impact standard fall in brief of these goals. They collect wiz or several dealings measurements and compare their first-order statistics (e.g., mean, beat deviation, minimum, or maximum) or their distributions in the baseline and the attack case. Frequently apply work measurements include the legitimate traffics request/ solution delay, legitimate minutes durations, legitimate traffics goodput, throughput, or loss, and role of a critical resource surrounded by the legitimate and the attack traffic. If a defense is being measured, these metrics are also apply for its link up damage. Lack of consensus on which measurements best reflect the DoS impact cause exploreers to choose ones they feel are the most pertinent. Such metrics are not versatile, since each in reckonent traffic measurement captures however one aspect of service denial. For example, a prolonged request/response cadence will properly signal DoS for two-way applications much(prenominal) as network, FTP, and DNS, but not for media traffic that is sensitive to one-way delay, packet loss, and jitter. The overleap of common DoS impact metrics prevents comparison among published work. We come along argue that the current measurement approaches are neither quantitative nor accurate. Adhoc comparisons of measurement statistics or distributions only show how network traffic behaves differently under attack, but do not quantify wh ich services have been denied and how severely. To our knowledge, no studies show that existing metrics agree with human perception of service denial. We survey existing DoS impact metrics in segmentation 2.We propose a novel approach to DoS impact measurement. Our line insight is that DoS always causes degradation of service quality, and a metric that holistically captures a human users QoS perception will be applicable to all test scenarios. For each popular application, we specify its QoS requirements, consisting of relevant traffic measurements and corresponding thresholds that define good service ranges. We observe traffic as a collection of high-level tasks called transactions (defined in Section3).Each legitimate transaction is pronounced against its applications QoS requirements transactions that do not correspond all the requirements are considered failed. We aggregate information about transaction ill into several intuitive qualitative and quantitative composite metri cs to put out the precise interaction of the DoS attack with the legitimate traffic. We describe our proposed approaches in Section 3. We demonstrate that our approaches meet the goals of being accurate, quantitative, and versatile through testbed experiments with aggregate DoS scenarios and legitimate traffic mixes. Conclude in Section 5.2. animated METRICSPrior DoS research has focused on metre DoS through selected legitimate traffic parametersPacket loss,Traffic throughput or goodput,Request/response delay,Transaction duration, andAl stead of resources.Researchers have used some(prenominal) simple metrics (single traffic parameter) and combinations of them to report the impact of an attack on the network. All existing metrics are not quantitative because they do not specify ranges of loss, throughput, delay, duration, or resource shares that correspond to service denial. Indeed, such values cannot be specified in general because they highly depend on the type of application whose traffic coexists with the attack 10 portion loss of VoIP traffic is devastating while 10 percent loss of DNS traffic is merely a glitch. All existing metrics are not versatile and we point out below the cases where they fail to measure service denial. They are inaccurate since they have not been proven to correspond to a human users perception of service denial.3. PROPOSED APPROACHES TO commonwealth IMPACT EASURMENT3.3 DoS MetricsWe aggregate the transaction success/ ill luck measures into several intuitive composite metrics.Percentage of failed transactions (pft) per application type. This metric directly captures the impact of a DoS attack on network services by quantifying the QoS experienced by users. For each transaction that overlaps with the attack, we evaluate transaction success or misfortune applying Definition 3. A unbiased approach to the pft calculation is dividing the recite of failed transactions by the number of all transactions during the attack. This pro duces biased results for invitees that gravel transactions serially. If a client does not generate each request in a dedicated thread, quantify of subsequent requests depends on the completion of previous requests. In this case, transaction engrossment during an attack will be lower than without an attack, since transactions overlapping the attack will last longer. This skews the pft calculation because each success or failure has a higher influence on the pft value during an attack than in its absence. In our experiments, IRC and telnet clients suffered from this deficiency. To remedy this problem, we calculate the pft value as the difference amidst 1 (100 percent) and the ratio of the number of successful transactions divide by the number of all transactions that would have been initiated by a devoted application during the same time if the attack were not present.The DoS-hist metric shows the histogram of pft measures crossways applications, and is helpful to understand e ach applications resilience to the attack.The DoS-level metric is the weighted average of pft measures for all applications of interest DoS-level =, where k spans all application categories, and wk is a weight associated with a category k. We introduced this metric because in some experiments it may be useful to produce a single number that describes the DoS impact. But we caution that DoS-level is highly dependent on the elect application weights and thus can be biased.QoS-ratio is the ratio of the difference between a transactions traffic measurement and its corresponding threshold, divided by this threshold. The QoS metric for each successful transaction shows the user-perceived service quality, in the range (0, 1, where higher numbers indicate better quality. It is useful to evaluate service quality degradation during attacks. We compute it by averagingQoS-ratios for all traffic measurements of a given transaction that have defined thresholds. For failed transactions, we compute the related QoS-degrade metric, to quantify severity of service denial.QoS-degrade is the absolute value of QoS-ratio of that transactions measurement that exceeded its QoS threshold by the largest margin. This metric is in the range (0,1 .Intuitively, a value N of QoS-degrade means that the service of failed transactions was N measure worse than a user could tolerate. While arguably any denial is significant and there is no need to quantify its severity, perception of DoS is highly subjective. Low values of QoS-degrade (e.g., The failure ratio shows the percentage of pop off transactions in the current (1-second) interval that will fail in the future. The failure ratio is useful for evaluation of DoS defenses, to capture the pep pill of a defenses response, and for time-varying attacks . Transactions that are born during the attack are considered live until they complete successfully or fail. Transactions that are born before the attack are considered live after the attack star ts. A failed transaction contributes to the failed transaction count in all intervals where it was live.4. military rating IN TESTBED EXPERIMENTS We first evaluate our metrics in experiments on the dissuade testbed 15. It allows security researchers to evaluate attacks and defences in a controlled environment. Fig. 2 shows our experimental topology. 4 legitimate networks and two attack networks are spliceed via four consequence routers. Each legitimate network has four server nodes and two client nodes, and is connected to the encumbrance via an access router. Links between the access router and the core have 100-Mbps bandwidth and 10-40-ms delay, while other links have 1-Gbps bandwidth and no added delay. The location of bottlenecks is chosen to mimic high-bandwidth local networks that connect over a limited access link to an over provisioned core. Attack networks host two attackers each, and connect directly to core routersFig.2.Experimental topology.4.1 Background TrafficEac h client generates a mixture of Web, DNS, FTP, IRC, VoIP, ping, and telnet traffic. We used open-source servers and clients when possible to generate practical traffic at the application, transport, and network level. For example, we used an Apache server and wget client for Web traffic, bind server and dig client for DNS traffic, etc. Telnet, IRC, and VoIP clients and the VoIP server were custom-built in Perl. Clients talk with servers in their own and adjacent networks. Fig. 2 shows the traffic patterns. Traffic patterns for IRC and VoIP differ because those application clients could not support multiple coinciding connections. All attacks target the Web server in network 4 and cross its bottleneck link, so only this networks traffic should be impacted by the attacks. Illustrate our metrics in existent traffic scenarios for various attacks. We modified the topology from 8 to ensure that bottlenecks occur only before the attack target, to create more trulyistic attack condition s. We used a more artificial traffic mix , with regular service request arrivals and identical file sizes for each application, to clearly isolate and expound features of our metrics. Traffic parameters are chosen to produce the same transaction compactness in each application category (Table 3) roughly 100 transactions for each application during 1,300 seconds, which is the attack duration. All transactions succeed in the absence of the attack.bottleneck links (more frequent variant) and 2) by generating a high packet rate that exhausts the CPU at a router leading to the target. We generate the first attack type a UDP bandwidth flood. Packet sizes had range 750 bytes,1.25 Kbytes and natural packet rate was 200 Kpps. This generates a volume that is roughly 16 times the bottleneck bandwidth. The expected effect is that access link of network 4 will become congested and traffic between networks 1 and 4, and networks 3 and 4 will be denied service.5. CONCLUSIONSOne cannot understand a complex phenomenon like DoS without being able to measure it in an object glass, accurate way. The work described here defines accurate, quantitative, and versatile metrics for measuring effectiveness of DoS attacks and defenses. Our approach is objective, reproducible, and applicable to a wide variety of attack and defense methodologies. Its value has been demonstrated in testbeds environments.Our approaches are useable by other researchers in their own work. They offer the first real opportunity to compare and contrast different DoS attacks and defenses on an objective head-to-head basis. We expect that this work will advance DoS research by providing a clear measure of success for any proposed defense, and lot researchers gain insight into strengths and weaknesses of their solutions.REFERENCES1 A. Yaar, A. Perrig, and D. Song, SIFF A Stateless net Flow percolate to Mitigate DDoS Flooding Attacks, Proc. IEEE Symp. Security and Privacy (SP), 2004.2 A. Kuzmanovic and E.W. Kn ightly, Low-Rate transmission control protocol-Targeted Denial of Service Attacks (The termagant versus the Mice and Elephants), Proc. ACM SIGCOMM 03, Aug. 2003.3 CERT Advisory CA-1996-21 TCP SYN Flooding and IP Spoofing Attacks, CERT CC, http//www.cert.org/advisories/CA-1996-21.html, 1996.4 R. Mahajan, S.M. Bellovin, S. Floyd, J. Ioannidis, V. Paxson, and S. Shenker, Controlling High Bandwidth Aggregates in the Network, ACM Computer Comm. Rev., July 2001.5 G. Oikonomou, J. Mirkovic, P. Reiher, and M. Robinson, A Framework for Collaborative DDoS Defense, Proc. 11th Asia-Pacific Computer Systems computer architecture Conf. (ACSAC 06), Dec. 2006.6 Cooperative Association for Internet Data Analysis, CAIDA Web page,http//www.caida.org, 2008.7 MAWI Working classify Traffic Archive, WIDE regurgitate, http//tracer.csl.sony.co.jp/mawi/, 20088 QoS Performance requirements for UMTS, The Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), Nortel Networks, http//www.3gpp.org/ftp/tsg_sa/WG1_Serv/TSG S1_03-HCourt/Docs/Docs/s1-99362.pdf, 2008.9 N. Bhatti, A. Bouch, and A. Kuchinsky, Quality is in the Eye of the Beholder Meeting Users Requirements for Internet Quality of Service, Technical Report HPL-2000-4, Hewlett Packard, 2000.10 L. Yamamoto and J.G. Beerends, Impact of Network Performance Parameters on the End-to-End Perceived Speech Quality, Proc.EXPERT ATM Traffic Symp., Sept. 1997.11 T. Beigbeder, R. Coughlan, C. Lusher, J. Plunkett, E. Agu, and M. Claypool, The Effects of bolshie and Latency on User Performance in Unreal tourney 2003, Proc. ACM Network and System Support for Games workshop (NetGames), 2004.12 N. Sheldon, E. Girard, S. Borg, M. Claypool, and E. Agu, The Effect of Latency on User Performance in Warcraft III, Proc. ACM Network and System Support for Games Workshop (NetGames), 2003.13 B.N. Chun and D.E. Culler, User-Centric Performance Analysis of Market-Based meet Batch Schedulers, Proc. Second IEEE Intl Symp. Cluster Computing and the GridProc. Second IEE E/ACM Intl Conf. Cluster Computing and the Grid (CCGRID 02), may 2002.14 J. Ash, M. Dolly, C. Dvorak, A. Morton, P. Taraporte, and Y.E. Mghazli, Y.1541-QOSMY.1541 QoS Model for Networks Using Y.1541 QoS Classes, NSIS Working Group, Internet Draft,work in progress, May 2006.15 T. Benzel, R. Braden, D. Kim, C. Neuman, A. Joseph, K. Sklower,R. Ostrenga, and S. Schwab, Experiences with admonish A Testbed for Security Research, Proc. Second Intl IEEE/Create-Net Conf.Testbeds and Research Infrastructures for the Development of Networks and Communities (TridentCOM 06), Mar. 2006.16 D.J. Bernstein, TCP 22 Syncookies, http//cr.yp.to/syncookies.html, 2008.

Research On The Types Of Chocolates English Language Essay

Research On The Types Of Chocolates English manner of speaking EssayChocolate is a raw or processed feed produced from the seed of the tropical Theobroma cacao tree. burnt umber tree has been cultivated for at least three millennia in Mexico, Central and South America, with its earliest attested use around 1100 BC. The seeds of the cacao tree have an intense savage taste, and mustiness be fermented to develop the flavor. The type of burnt umber is determined by the various amounts of imbibitioning sizzling java butter and hot coffee bean liquor the chocolate contains, as well the amount of sugar and any differentwise ingredients added to the mixture.TYPES OF CHOCOLATES sombre chocolateSweetened chocolate with elevated content of hot chocolate solids and no or very unretentive draw, it may contain up to 12% milk solids. Dark chocolate piece of ass either be sweet, semi-sweet, bittersweet or sugarless.White chocolateChocolate made with umber butter, sugar, milk, emulsifier, vanilla and sometimes other flavorings. It does not contain any non-fat ingredients from the cacao bean and has so an off- egg white color.Milk chocolateSweet chocolate which norm in ally contains 10-20% cocoa solids (which includes cocoa and cocoa butter) and more than 12% milk solids. It is seldom employ for baking, except for cookies.Sweet unappeasable chocolateSimilar to semi-sweet chocolate, it is not constantly possible to distinguish between the flavor of sweet and semi-sweet chocolate. If a recipe asks for sweet gentle chocolate you may in addition use semi-sweet chocolate.Semi-sweet chocolateThis is the classic disgraceful baking chocolate which can be purchased in most grocery stores. It is frequently employ for cakes, cookies and brownies. Can be utilise instead of sweet dark chocolate. It has a good, sweet flavor. Contains often 40-62% cocoa solids. climbing bittersweet chocolateA dark sweetened chocolate which must contain at least 35% cocoa solids . Good whole step bittersweet chocolate usually contains 60% to 85% cocoa solids depending on brand. If the content of cocoa solids is high the content of sugar is low, giving a rich, intense and more or less bitter chocolate flavor. Bittersweet chocolate is often used for baking/cooking.Unsweetened chocolateA bitter chocolate which is only used for baking. The flavor is not good, so it is not suitable for eating.HEALTH BENEFITS OF CHOCOLATESStudies show that eating chocolate, primarily dark chocolate, may contribute to improved cardiovascular health. Packed with natural antioxidants, dark chocolate and cocoa sit in the same good-for-you category as green tea and blueberries. Thats because chocolate comes from cacao beans (or cocoa beans), which grow on the cacao tree and are full of natural plant nutrients. most of the studies to date highlight dark chocolates health values because it has the highest percentage of cocoa solids, therefore more flavanol antioxidants.Heart Health Be nefits of Dark ChocolateDark chocolate is good for your heart. A small exclude of it everyday can help keep your heart and cardiovascular system running well. deuce heart health emoluments of dark chocolate areLower melody Pressure Studies have shown that consuming a small bar of dark chocolate everyday can reduce blood insistingure in individuals with high blood pressure.Lower Cholesterol Dark chocolate has also been shown to reduce LDL cholesterol (the bad cholesterol) by up to 10 percent.Other Benefits of Dark ChocolateChocolate also holds benefits apart from defend your heartit tastes goodit stimulates endorphin production, which gives a feeling of pleasureit contains serotonin, which acts as an anti-depressantit contains Theobromine, caffein and other substances which are stimulantsPh.D., flawk Stibich, (cc6). Health Benefits of Chocolate. Retrieved 6 March 2011 from About.com http//longevity.about.com/od/lifelongnutrition/p/chocolate.htmcacaoweb (2005). types of chocola te. Retrieved 6 March 2011 from cacaoweb http//www.cacaoweb.net/chocolate.htmlHISTORY OF CHOCOLATES1500 B.C. ccc B.C.The Olmec Indians are believed to be the first to grow cocoa beans (kakawa) as a domestic crop. Cacao trees have grown wild for possibly 10,000 days. The Olmec civilization lasts to about 300 B.C.300 B.C. 500 A.D.250 to 900The Olmec, a very sophisticated society, give frequently of their culture to the Maya, including xocoatl, sho-KWA-til. Consumption of cocoa beans is restricted to the Mayan societys elite, in the form of an unsweetened cocoa drink made from the ground beans.A.D. 600 1000600The Maya migrate into blue regions of South America and Mesoamerica, establishing the earliest known cocoa plantations in the Yucatan. Nobles drink frothy cacau from tall pottery beakers. Beans are a valuable commodity, used both as a means of payment and as units of calculation.Beans are local and international currency a turkey could be bought for 200 beans, a tomato for 3 beans. Later, when the Maya trade with the Aztecs, 400 beans equal 1 Aztec Zontli, 8000 beans equal 1 Aztec Xiquipilli.Ancient Mexicans believe that Tonacatecutli, the goddess of food, and Calchiuhtlucue, the goddess of water, are guardian goddesses of cocoa. some(prenominal)ly year they perform human sacrifices for the goddesses, giving the victim cocoa at his last meal.1200 ADThe Aztecs believed the first cocoa plant was created by Quetzalcoatl who came from nirvana on the morning star. As the Aztecs didnt know about sugar, other spices were used. in general spices like chilli to flavour the drink as it was a little bitter. During this time, cocoa beans were used for currency as they valued the plant so much.1492Columbus brings approve a few beans to present to the King and Queen. However, they were by and large ignored amongst all the other wonderful array of goods that were brought back.1528Hernando Cortez again sees the benefit of the cocoa bean and surmises that it might taste a little erupt if sugar cane was added. Vanilla pods, flowers, cinnamon and other spices were used also. This blend was regarded as a success Because of the high cost of cocoa, it was still a luxury which only the rich could afford.1645Beans were again part of the dowry of Princess female horse Theresa to Louis XIV. This time, the phenomenon of chocolate took off in France. It was also considered an aphrodisiac and was reputed to have helped several Kings and Queens to entice their lovers.1671An accident by a kitchen boy leads to the reservation of praline. A tray of almonds was giveped. Chef tries to whip the kitchen boy but instead drops the pan of hot sugar over the almonds. The Duke of Plesslis-Praslin was served up the cooled mess and was so happy with it, he named it after himselfLate 1600s to early 1700sChocolate houses spring up all over Europe. During this mass craze for the drink and the increase in growers, cocoa bean prices drop. The invention of a steam engi ne helps with the grinding of the beans and speeds up manufacturing.1765The first chocolate making factory in the USA.1800Chocolate becomes an perseverance on its own.1900-1970s1900Milton Hershey creates a model factory town town called Hersheyville give to the production of chocolate. The specialty is the Hershey Kiss. Around 1900, the price of cacao and sugar drop tremendously, making chocolate affordable for the middle classes.1912Jean Neuhaus invents the chocolate bawl out that can be filled with soft centers and nut pastes, offering gigantic variety to the previous dipping and enrobing of chocolate.1925Barry Callebaut begins the production of chocolate couverture, in Belgium. (We dont know which telephoner made the first couverture.)The raw(a) York Cocoa Exchange begins in New York City.1926Belgian chocolatier, Joseph Draps starts the Godiva Company to compete with Hersheys and Nestls American market.1930Nestl sacks first white chocolate, named Galak, although it was cal led unalike names, such as Milkybar or Alpine White, in different countries. During the 1930s, brand names become increasingly important. After two years of research, Nestllaunches the Black Magic bar.41939World War II rationing includes chocolate in Europe it is rationed to 4 ounces per person per week. Sales of chocolate are half of pre-war sales. Production of Kit Kat, a leading brand, is suspended.4 mid-eighties Present1980A story of chocolate espionage hit the valet de chambre press when an apprentice of the Swiss company of Suchard-Tobler unsuccessfully attempted to sell incomprehensible chocolate recipes to Russia, China, Saudi Arabia, and other countries.1986Valrhona introduces the concept of the integrity origin chocolate bar, making their first with beans exclusively from South America. The 70% cacao bar is named Guanaja in honor of the island of Guanaja, off Honduras, where Christopher Columbus first tasted chocolate more or less 500 years earlier. They call it a Gra nd Cru chocolate.1990s sideline Valrhonas pioneering efforts, other designer chocolate bars debut, including bars made from the beans of single plantations. Today, annual world uptake of cocoa beans averages approximately 600,000 tons, and per capita chocolate consumption is greatly on the rise. But the best chocolate, made of criollo beans, is just 5% of the world crop.2000A new generation of chocolatiers knows no bounds. The fusion cuisine of the late 20th century has logically found its way to chocolate exotic spices such as saffron, curry and lemongrass are now public in chocolate, as are everyday kitchen foods such as basil, stub cheese and olive oil. Most enamourly, chocolate has returned to its Mesoamerican roots. Many discoverer chocolatiers now offer some version of Aztec chocolate, spiced with the original new world flavors of chile and cinnamon. The market has seen growth in organic and kosher brands and high percentage cacao chocolate is recognized as a practicable food, delivering antioxidants. It seems that the Aztecs were right about the health-giving properties of cacao.2000The Cote dIvoire is the worlds largest exporter of cacao beans, 1.4 million tons. The Netherlands both imports and grinds the most cacao. just about is made into chocolates the rebrinyder is processed into couverture and cocoa powder and exported to other countries which make their own chocolates from it.the nibble (2006). The write up Of Chocolate. Retrieved 6 March 2011 from the nibble http//www.thenibble.com/reviews/main/chocolate/the-history-of-chocolate.aspTASK 2 PROJECT PLANTask commentMarksTimeDate1Research.The purpose of this research and the prepare of the website is to promote chocolate as a versatile and healthy food.101week4th to 20th Feb2Project planProduce a project plan for the way you intend to complete the rest of this assignment.101week21st to 27th Feb3Design SpecificationUsing the appropriate techniques to specify the structure and navigation of t he proposed site.152weeks27th Feb to 5th Mar4WebsiteThe website must be developed using X hypertext mark-up language 1.0(transitional or strict) and lie in of 6 interlinked knaves.A home page from which it is possible to navigate to the other resources in the website.A page that explains about health and chocolate.A page that describes the history of chocolate from ancient Mesoamerican times to present day.A recipe of the month pageA page that provides links to other websites of interest and sources of further informationA page that demonstrates the use of HTML forms401 month5th Mar to 5 April5Critical evaluationA short report of 1000 quarrel analyzing the website you have submitted252 weeks5th to 15th AprilTASK 3 DESIGN SPECIFICATIONSHEIRARCHYHomeInstructionsPhotographsHealth benefitsRecipe of the month thinkSubmission formHistory of ChocolatesFig 1.1Site Plan background infoHome page has to communicate purpose of website.External sites(User allow be required to press back butto n to go back to our site or have external sites open in a new windowNew Recipe Entry scallywag surnameProvide forms for users to submit new recipes thinkPage surname bring out links to other websites of interestRecipe of the monthPage entitleOne quality photographClearly structured instructionsHistory of chocolatesPage titleDescribe history of chocolatesHealth and ChocolatesPage titleProvide health benefits of chocolatesGive types and quantities of chocolates that should be eatenShow drawbacks of chocolatesHome PageBackground infoHealth chocolatesHistory of chocolatesRecipe of monthLinksNew Recipe EntryFig1.2

Impact of Internet Addiction on Social Skills

Impact of profits dependency on societal SkillsThe adult male continues to progress e rattling last(predicate) the time with the rapid festering of new technologies. Inventions equivalent telephone, television, computers, and profits being one ofthe most recent in a series of technological developments crap proven that populate atomic number 18 nolonger limited by geographical boundaries. Almost everyone go away take that earnings isthe largest and most flexible source of information in the universe today. It is widely implementdby the business world for conducting their daily perish or re attend and by individuals forcommunication, entertainment, learning and relaxing. However, by from theadvant epochs thither argon some disadvantages of the excessive expenditure. lucre has beenresponsible for decreased family time, relationship problems, demoralise productivity inemployment, continuation of false information and the increasing of psychologicalproblems (Beard, 2005). The development of profits is increasing worldwide and theexcessive utilisation leads to meshwork habituation that became a common problem nowadays.The nature of the term addiction is difficult to define. Addiction has been referredas an uncontrollable compulsive behavior that disdain of the negative consequences it is arepeated behavior. This behavior overwhelms victimization more of the magnetic cores than thinkhaving unsuccessful attempts to stop, and experiencing problems in their loving and workenvironment (Kring, Johnson, Davison, Neale, 2010).Internet addiction malady was prime(prenominal) seen in the U.S press in 1995, in an expressionthat was published in New York Times with the title The Lure and Addiction of Life Online. The author of the article, O Neill, verbalise that health professionals related excessiveInternet use to obsessive shopping, exercise, and gambling (Chack Leung, 2004).Goldberg (1996) presented the first translation for Internet addiction, describing it as abehavioral addiction that took the criteria from substance dependence from the DSM-IV.Griffiths (2000) expanded the translation by stating that technological addictions be asubset of behavioral addictions that include six components (salience, moodmodification, tolerance, insularism, conflict and relapse). to a fault Internet addiction mightbe caused by m either aspects of meshwork use like distant communication, the fact that thereis no human hardihood to face contact, and opposite online activities like chat rooms (Griffiths, 2000). Asecond definition that was speaked Problematic Internet Use (PIU) took criteria from DSM-IV and was associated with pathological gambling (Young, 1996). The author stated thatin revision for a person to be addicted he/she has to meet five of the eight criteria. Some ofthese criteria are, obsession with network, environmental problems, withdrawal whenreducing internet etc. Also according to Young, Problematic Int ernet Use could be morerelated to impulse control disorder that substance dependence. The problem that arisesout of these two definitions is that they neither exclude co-morbidity as an importantfactor nor determine whether the time spent on the internet is related to their normal workor to a pathological addiction. some(prenominal) defitions support a pathological etiology that has notheoretical etymon (Hall Parsons, 2001).By extending the definition of Young, Davis (2001) suggests that problematicinternet can be regarded as Specific Pathological Internet Use and GeneralizedPathological Internet Use. The first is using the internet to increase an addiction that hasoccurred before (gambling), musical composition the second is well-nigh the general use of internet(searching, chatting). An other(a) definition that was presented for internet addiction wasnamed Internet Behavior Dependence. This definition suggests that excessive Internet usecan cause problems to cognitive, deportm ental, and emotional functioning in a generallyhealthy person. The dependence that a person has on internet can been seen by thefollowing deficient in satisfaction with all areas in his life, like school, work or home,use of internet with little pleasure, nips worry when not using, failure in controlling theuse careless(predicate) of all the physical, psychological and neighborly problems. No matter howsomeone call it, Internet- related disorders are arising as a serious problem for whichthe great unwashed need apprehending, help and change.The internet because of its rapid spread is reachable nowadays by almosteveryone and especially college students. They tend to be more penetrable than othersbecause of the developmental stressors, like amicable relationships, and because internet canbe comfortably accessed. M whatever students use it nowadays for many purposes, like preparingcourse works, search information, communicate, and entertain those selves (Ceyhan,2008). Also onli ne relationships differ from real relationships. Through internetanonymity is provided and anxiety is reduced because there are no face to faceinteractions. The self- presentation of a person in an online activity may foreclose him frombeing judged for his appearance or personality style (Kandell, 1998). Therefore studentsare more likely to develop problems with internet than others. Many studies have beenconducted using DSM- based criteria and represented higher come outs in internet use amongcollege students than in general population (Morahan- Martin Schumacher, 1999Yang, 2001). In the literature there is a cracking number of studies showing that Internetaddiction has been related to many variables apart from social skills such as gender andinternet expertise (Morahan-Martin Schumacher, 1997), age and grade aim(Johansson, 2004), online experiences and the amount of time spent online (Morahan-Martin, 1999), low gear, with increased levels of depression being associates wit hinternet addiction (Young, Rogers, 1998), and impulse control disorder (Shapira, 2003).Social skills are a fundamental factor in the development of the relationships.They include all the behaviours that a person should have in his/her interactions andcommunication with other people (Teodoro, 2005). Caplan (2002) developed a theoryimploring deficient social skills. The author claimed that people who are depressive andlonely tend to have a negative view towards their social skills. Another explanation canbe that people who tend to be low in social skills are attracted by some special features ofonline communication. These features allow the person to adopt another(prenominal) self-presentationthat cannot be developed through face to face interaction. Through this, a person mayexaggerate and present himself assorted than he is in real life (Caplan, 2002). Thus, forsome people Internet is a steer much easier and safe because of its anonymity andbecause it requires less interpersonal communication. It is a locate less stressful wherethey can control their social skills better than having a face to face interaction (Shaw Black, 2008).There have not been conducted a lot of studies until now that verse internetaddiction and social skills in college students. Most of the studies focused on excessiveinternet use and how it affects the development of social skills in children andadolescents (Harman, Hansen, Cochran, Lindsey, 2005). The query that has beenconducted focused in some special aspects of social skills like reserve, privacy, socialadjustment. There is a contradiction in the literature referring to these specific aspects ofsocial skills and internet addiction. Engelberg (2004) in his study about internet use,social skills and social adjustment found out that individuals who use excessively internettend to be lonelier and have problems in their social adjustment in work and in their sparetime. On the other hand, another research found out that by talkin g online in chat rooms,loneliness is reduced and social support is increased (Waestlund, Norlander, Archer,2001). Also another study conducted by Morahan-Martin (2003) found out that lonelypeople tend to use internet for emotional support and that their social behaviour isincreased by making online friends. In a study it was shown that bashfulness and locus ofcontrol were associated with internet addiction. It was found that persons scored higherlevels of internet addiction tend to be shier and indicating more difficulties in their sociallife. (Chack Leung, 2004). Most of the studies that have been conducted measuredsome specific aspects of social skills that are most of them loneliness, shyness and socialadjustment and social comfort. There is a contradiction in the studies referring toloneliness and social comfort, with studies indicating different results (Engelberg, 2004Waestlund et al., 2001). Due to this contradiction further research should be conducted tomeasure whether t hese aspects of social skills are related in a negative or in a positiveway with the use of internet. The purpose of this study is to enquire the relationshipbetween compulsive internet use and four dimensions of social skills that are loneliness/depression, impulse control, social comfort and distraction.MethodsParticipantsAn approximately number of 70 undergraduate college students is sledding to act in the current study. Their age pull up stakes range from 18 to 35 yearsold. The study will be conducted in an English University in northern Greece andstudents will be recruited from different departments, the psychology, computer and business department. The measure tools will be given in English since they know andunderstand the language. Also participants will not be from the same ethnicity but fromdifferent countries like Greece, Bulgaria, Romania, Albania, Serbia and Fyrom.MeasuresOnline Cognition Scale (Davis, Flett, Besser, 2002). The OCS is amultidimensional questionnaire that was designed to measure Problematic Internet Use. Itis consisted of 36-items that cover four sub measures, six items measure loneliness/depression, ten items measure debased impulse control, distraction is measured byseven items and social comfort by thirteen items. Respondents will rate in a seven-pointLikert scale with services ranging from 1- strongly disagree, 4- neither agree/ nordisagree to -7 strongly agree. Students will respond to statements such as I feel safestwhen I am on the internet I use the Internet more than I ought to I am less lonelywhen I am online and I often use the Internet to avoid doing acrid things. Inorder to avoid order effects the items of the online perception scale were presented in arandom order. The author in order to evince the validity of the Online Cognition Scaleinvestigated the association between various cognitive and behavioural variables and theOCS dimensions of problematic internet use. Item-total correlations were highlysignific ant, ranging from 0.47- 0.77 for social comfort, 0.49- 0.81 for loneliness/depression, 0.50-0.76 for diminished impulse control, and 0.55-0.80 for distraction.Compulsive Internet Use Scale (Meerkerk, Eijnden, Vermulst, Garretsen,2009). The CIUS was designed to mensurate the severity of compulsive Internet use. Itincludes 14 items and participants will respond in a five-point scale 0, never 1, seldom2, sometimes 3, often 4, very often. The questions included in the scale are like Howoften do you think about the Internet, even not online How often do you go on theInternet when you are feeling down. The author in order to test the validity of the testused another test the online cognition scale. Pearson correlations were high andsignificant between CIUS and OCS with pProcedureThe sample will be obtained by college students randomly during class or break.Participants are going to fill in the three questionnaires individually with all the useful book of instructions provided. They will have the chance to fill them secure away or hand themover later to secretary. Also with the questionnaires they will receive a consent form thathave to sign in order to show that they agree to participate in the study. Participants willbe encouraged to answer as honest as they can, but someone can be never sure about theanswers and if someone will feel offend or upset by a question. Participants will havethe right to withdraw anytime they do not want to continue for any reason, withoutreceiving any penalty. Confidentiality and anonymity were provided and explained thatthe study is only for research. Also, the instructor will be there ready to answer anyquestion in case of any doubt.DesignThe design of the study is a correlation design that will measure the two variables,Internet addiction and the level of social skills.Proposed outlinePearson correlation will be conducted for the data analysis that will investigatethe correlation between the severity of compulsive internet use a nd the level of socialskills.

Challenges to Governance and Leadership in Africa

Ch every(prenominal)enges to Governance and Leadership in AfricaIt is undeniable the item that regime and its progeny, bunk, pervades every aspect of human life and existence. In nations, organizations, families and wherever human life is found, these two variables exist in one variety show or the other. It is also a truism, that thither exists a huge regime and leadership gap in many countries in the world, especially, in Africa. The slack up pace of Africas development is concomitant to this governing and leadership predicament. A 1989 World Bank report on the topic SubSaharan Africa From Crisis to Sustainable reaping A Long-Term Perspective Study affirms this position by stating that vestigial the litany of Africas development problems is a crisis of constitution (p60). In a standardized way, Walumba et al posited that while African countries are richly endowed with all manner of pictorial resources, their economic performance since independence has been generally abysmal with a few exceptions (426). They further argued that ultimately a countrys economic performance is contingent on the effectiveness of its leadership (425). These assertions, dispassionately underscores the governance and leadership predicament in Africa. Consequently, this essay seeks to discuss nearly of the reasons wherefore governance and leadership still remain a braggy challenge in Africa, and also proffer ways to alleviate these bottlenecks, respectively.To arrest with, this essay would want to point out that several reasons contribute to why governance is impoverished in Africa, especially in the Sub-Saharan region. These reasons entangle the wrong form of governance the continent practises as a ending of compoundism, selfish leadership, weak institutions, and too much foreign interference on the continent.First and foremost, it is not a ruse that the governance and leadership challenge Africa faces is an upshot of the wrong form of governance the continent is practising or organism coerced to practise. Historical evidence have shown that, many years ago, before Africa was colonized by the Europeans, Africans governed themselves through the chiefs, clan and family heads, etc and the form of government they practised was gerontocracy and monarchy. These systems of governance as practised by these pre-compound Africans had its root in their heathen and sacred beliefs. Thus, governance and religion/culture were intricately interwoven. Yet, subsequently creation colonised, the Europeans constrained their form of government on the indigenous people. These forms of government, which are the different forms of republic we see around the world like a shot, had obstructive and damaging consequences on the religio-cultural preference of the indigenous people. However, the colonial masters turned a blind nerve centre on these developments. Decades after Africa gained independence, these colonial forms of governance are still being practised in Africa, with much complicatedness. This is evidently because, the cultural and religious underpinnings of the African orientation of what governance is, and should be is different from those of the colonial masters. As Africans, our cultural upbringing upholds, fundamentally, communalism which is expressed in our proverbs, religion, folklores, songs, and mythology. In a sharp contrast, the colonial masters form of governance had as its foundation, capitalism. Hence, putting the square finalize in the round hole has led to the current governance and leadership challenge in Africa. African leaders are thorn amid satisfying their people based on tradition and pleasing their colonial masters because of the carrot and stick model of diplomacy they (colonial masters) employ. This complexity is the cornerstone of the governance and leadership predicament in Africa.Moreover, selfish leadership is a major setback to good governance in Africa, and the underdevelopment of the continent . Post-independent Africa has seen the rise of selfish, stomach-driven and thoughtless leaders. Some came to power through coup dtats, amidst shedding of unsophisticated bloods, destruction of infrastructure left for the continent by the colonial masters, and looting of the wealth of these African nations. These leaders used the power they ceased to amass as much wealth as they could for themselves, their families and cohorts at the detriment of their nations development. Obviously, these leaders had no expertise or knowledge about governance or effective management, hence the worsening of the socio-economic lives of their country, and countrymen. Principles of fundamental human rights were not honoured, while individual, ideological, partisan or even labour dissent were potently stamped out. The result was regimes collapse either internally or externally engineered amid 1963 and 1966, and which attracted international outcry against the governance style of post independence Afr ica- Leaders.The other set of leaders, who supposedly were elected to lead their countries, were of no significant exit from their predecessors. Most of these leaders hardly have as their aim, the comfort and cheer of themselves and their families at the disadvantage of the populace. They had no clear vision for their countries. Democratic rule, in their various countries, witnessed horrible governance style, mismanagement of resources and propagation of self-aggrandizement. Undoubtedly, the leaders Africa has had after independence, under the guise of liberating their people, have rather contributed to the free-fall/underdevelopment of their countries. This they did by their profligate spending, sticky management of state resources and infrastructure, and visionless governance.Furthermore, weak institutions since independence have contributed significantly to the governance and leadership predicament in Africa. After most African countries gained independence, instead of the l eadership to focus on building tough institutions, where in their absence, those institutions could serve to achieve the development they sought for which reason they fought of independence, they rather built strong personalities and empire around themselves. This phenomenon has continued perpetually till now. In Africa today, there is the practise of rule by fair play not rule of law. This is because, people in authority (government) use their power, position and influence to hint institutions in their favour when it comes to matters of the law. Institutions cannot hunt certain individuals in fellowship nowadays because those people are above the law. This phenomenon which is brought about by the partisan politics we practise, have corrupted majority of the state institutions in Africa. It has made justice, accountability, enhancer and fairness a fairy tale, simply untenable. Institutions in Africa are simply weak and frivolous. Adding to the non-functional institutions is a collection of skewed and corrupt civil society organizations. Instead of these civil societies to be a watchdog of the populace to fix state and institutional efficiency, most of them are pursuing partisan agenda. hitherto more, too much interference of foreign nations on the continent is troubling and highly destructive. This phenomenon is as a result of globalization. Virtually every finality and every action that most African leaders make, is contingent on the approval of their pay masters, the foreign nations. These foreign nations come into the continent in de guise of helping develop it, but with the mindset of draining the natural and human resource of the continent. They determine for us almost everything, from economic policies, to education, to religion, to who should lead the country etc. The ordinary African has a limited carry in deciding for himself and in helping build his country or continent. The Constitutions in most African countries rarely exists due to rule by foreign powers. The ordinary African is not consulted on any break as power is in the hands of these overlords while our leaders only serve as errand agents to ensure compliance of their subjects.

Infective Endocarditis Caused by Viridans Streptococci

infectious Endocarditis Caused by Viridans StreptococciCase Study 1 Infective endocarditis caused by viridans strepCase Study 2 haemorrhagic fever caused by EbolavirusCase Study 1Subject is a 48-year-old man with a sexual conquest statement of mitral valve regurgitation who presents with a 10-day history of fatigue, fever and oecumenical malaise. nearly reddish lesions atomic number 18 noned on his palm, which he has never noticed before. He denies any cough, scarcely has bonkers new shortness of breath with exertion and with lying down matted at night in bed.He is generally in nigh(a) health except for a root canal operation around 3 weeks previously. The history of mitral valve regurgitation is thought to be minuteary to rheumatic fever as a child. Heart examination is guiding light for a loud systolic murmur best heard at the left sternal border with radiation over to the axilla. Lungs be undefendable and abdominal examination is normal. Skin examination is signi ficant for several mixed-up reddish lesions over his palms and soles that atomic number 18 not painful when pressure is applied. science laboratory tests Blood wait shows WBC 14.8 with 86% neutrophils blood cultures grew give away positive cocci in chains that be alpha haemolytic on horse blood agar.Evidence for DiagnosisMitral valve regurgitation would account for the fatigue, and as well as the shortness of breath in the patient, however another(prenominal)(a) symptoms be present that this alone cannot explain. The first of these is the fever suffered by the patient, which would signify an contagion. The second is the presence of lesions on the palms and soles Petechiae such(prenominal) as these, cognise as Janeway lesions, are an indicator of endocarditis (OConnor, 2002), and the patients history of mitral valve regurgitation, along with a recent history of root canal work confirm that this is a likely diagnosing. The lungs and abdomen of the patient are clear, as woul d be anticipate in a case of endocarditis, however examination of the heart sounds displayed a clear murmer. The patients blood imports showed clear signs of infection, with leukocytosis and elevated neutrophil count. The bacteria cultured from the patients blood can be easily identified as Streptococci, and since this is known to be a tributary be of endocarditis (Brooks, Butel and Morse, 2004, pp.197), it makes the diagnosis very(prenominal) likely.Further Testing Required succession the diagnosis in this case should be straight forward callable to bacteraemia and presence of peripheral stigmata, according to the Duke criteria, which is used as a scape for diagnosis of infectious endocarditis, this patient would be classified as having solo workable infective endocarditis. As they display nigh of the necessary pathological and clinical criteria, they would need advertise tests to determine if it was definitely infective endocarditis (Li et al., 2000). The Duke Criter ia was positive by Durack et al. (1994) as a means of better distinguishing infective endocarditis from other causes of cardiac problems these were evaluated as being superior to previous methods for diagnosis (aspirin et al., 1994)(Cecchi et al., 1997)(Hoen et al., 1995) The criteria strike been used since, though thither have been studies done into improving the criteria except. gibe to these criteria, the patients diagnosis could be confirmed by carrying out other tests such as an ECG, echocardiogram, and chest x-ray, to exclude other possible cardiac problems. However, the patient would also meet cardinal major criteria, and wherefore be classified as definite infective endocarditis if two further cultures of blood grew causative bacteria. objet dart the most likely causative organism is viridans streptococci, as Streptococcus pneumonia is to a greater extent commonly associated with bacterial pneumonia or meningitis, the two can be differentiated quite simply by scrutin y with optochin. S. pneumonia are susceptible to this microbial agent, where viridans streptococci are resistant. Suspending the bacteria in bile salts would also provide a suitable distinction, as S. pneumonia would lyse, where viridans streptococci are insoluble (Brooks, Butel and Morse, 2004, pp.197).Endocarditis as a consequent of streptococcal infectionMicrobiologyMany textbooks, and in fact some journal articles refer to the assemblage of streptococci which cause endocarditis by the name Streptococcus viridans, however this is actually a misnomer, as the viridans streptococci are actually a assort of several different bacteria, and are referred to as viridans simply because they produce a green halo when grown on blood agar (Elliott et al., 1997, pp.30-1).Viridans streptococci are often found resident in abundance in the mouth, where they are usually commensal, or cause only mild infections formerly in the blood stream, these usually passive bacteria can die pathogenic, and lead to endocarditis upon reaching the heart (Brooks, Butel and Morse, 2004, pp.197). The bacteria are able to grow in structurally abnormal valve surfaces and gradually lead to the destruction of the valves, caseing in regurgitation (OConnor, 2002). Those valves damaged by rheumatic fever are oddly prone to infection (Heritage, Evans and Killington, 1999, p.185).SymptomsThe physical symptoms suffered by the patient are a result of the physical structures response to the infection the fever and general malaise suffered by the patient would be as a result of cytokine generation from the number one-grade infection, and the petechiae in the skin, known as Janeway lesions, are the result of immune complexes being deposited in small vessels thither (OConnor, 2002).ProphylaxisAny patient, such as the one here, assessed from their previous medical history to be at risk from endocarditis, should be inclined prophylactic intercession before undergoing incursive dental surgery. Th e current guidelines outlined by Ramsdale et al. (2004) recommend amoxicillin for this purpose, or clindamycin for those allergic to penicillin. This particular patient would only be considered a confine risk according to the new guidelines, so there would be no need for gentamicin, however those considered at high risk would be given this intravenously in addition to IV amoxicillin/clindamycin.TreatmentA combination of penicillin and gentamicin are used to treat streptococcal endocarditis. While studies have found that there is only a limited safeguard to penicillin in sufferers at present, vancomycin can be used a viable alternative in those allergic to penicillin and those with more resistant strains (Johnson et al., 2001).For those who do not respond to antimicrobial treatment, surgery is often a viable option, replacing the infected valves. While not of all time prospered, this offers an improved aspect for those where other treatment is unsuccessful (Moon et al., 1997).Pr ognosisIf left untreated, infective endocarditis is always fatal, as the destruction of a valve will pr level offt the heart from working. notwithstanding if treated, the ailment carries a high morbidity and mortality rate. The factors which impact strongest on prognosis are un hold inled infection and congestive heart failure. It is for this discernment that early diagnosis and antimicrobial treatment is necessary. However, constant improvements in operative procedures are leading to a better prognosis for those not responding to treatment (Karth et al., 2002). It could be reasoned that these advances in surgery will become even more important in prognosis as incidences of antimicrobial tube increase, which is surely inevitable judging by trends in other bacterial infections such as Staphylococcus aureus.Case Study 4A 34-year-old woman researcher studying chimpanzee behaviour in the pearl Coast found several of the animals were dying. She dissected one several hours later it died and found that it had died of haemorrhage, and had non- turn blood. She wore household gloves, but no mask or habilitate during the dissection. Eight days later she developed a fever and headache, which did not respond to malaria treatment. Five days into her illness, she developed vomiting, diarrhoea, a rash, and renal failure. Antibiotics did not improve her condition and she was transported home in isolation.The patient is lethargic but communicative. She has lymphadenopathy. Her lung exam is normal. She has a mildly tender and enlarged coloured and spleen.research laboratory tests She has a white blood cell count of 3.6, haematocrit of 40, and low platelets of 83. She has a low fibrinogen of 0.8. Her clotting times are normal, however. serological tests for anthrax, dengue fever, chikungunya, yellow fever, Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever, Marburg virus, Rift Valley fever, Lassa fever, and Hantavirus are all negative.Evidence for DiagnosisThe history of the patient sugges ts that she is pathetic from something that has arisen from her nexus with an infected chimpanzee. While a number of zoonotic complaints are known to be prevalent in the African continent, the majority of those have already been ruled out by negative test results. One which has not is the Ebolavirus, which gives rise to Ebola haemorrhagic fever. infection of the Ebolavirus from dead animals has been documented in the past, including in the Ivory Coast (WHO, 2004 CDC, 2005).The onset of the patients symptoms fits with the known timescale for the Ebolavirus of 2 to 21 days the fever and headache which she experienced are continent symptoms. Later in the disease sufferers also usually develop diarrhoea, vomiting, and possibly a rash (CDC, 2005). It would obviously be expected that antibiotics would bring no improvement to the illness, as the infection is viral.In a physical examination, it would be expected that a patient infected with Ebolavirus would have an enlarged liver and spleen, as this is where virus replication is particularly proliferant. Sanchez et al. (2004) also specifies the lungs as also being one of the main sites of virus replication, implying that the patient should be suffering from tenderness of the lungs also, however this evidence is taken from studies into the Sudan strain of Ebolavirus, and this is much more likely to be the Ivory Coast strain, so some symptoms may differ.In the laboratory examination, it is expected to see a normal haemocrit, accompany by leucopenia and thrombocytopenia as displayed in the patient. It would be usual for the clotting time to be shortened, however this patient has low levels of fibrinogen, possibly ascribable to some secondary cause, which may alter the clotting time, making it high than expected.Further Testing RequiredWhile virus isolation, transmission negatron microscopy, immunohistochemistry, reverse transcription-PCR, antigen capture enzyme-linked-immunosorbent serologic assay, and IgG or IgM antibody capture ELISA can all been used to show Ebolavirus as the causitive agent, there are conflicting storys over which techniques are preferable for use. The Centres for disorder Control and barroom (2005) suggest that in a patient at this stage of the disease, examination should be carried out for IgM and IgG antibodies, Kurosaki et al. (2006) and Towner et al. (2004) recommend RT-PCR as the most efficient technique.EbolavirusAetiologyEbola belongs to the filoviruses or Filoviridae, which is divided into two genera, the Ebolavirus and the Marburgvirus. The Ebolavirus genus is divide into four separate species Ivory Coast ebolavirus, Sudan ebolavirus, Zaire ebolavirus and Reston ebolavirus (Hensley et al., 2005). While the disease is zoonotic, the natural reservoir of the disease is not non- valet primates the actual reservoir and the mode of transition into apes is so far unknown, although studies are currently being undertaken on the suggestion that bats may play a r ole. Transmission into humans is rare, and is often one isolated case (Peterson et al., 2004), although if the proper precautions are not taken it is possible for the disease to spread in the human population.EpidemiologyThe disease has appeared sporadically since its initial recognition in 1976, and has occurred only in specific geographicalal areas as per the names of the different strains (CDC, 2005). It is generally concur that the virus is transmitted via direct contact with the blood or visible secretions from another infected person (Dowell et al., 1999 WHO, 2004), due to the extensive viral affaire in the subcutaneous weave (Peters, 2005). It is believed that this is also the case among non-human primates, such as the chimpanzees, although this is so far unconfirmed (CDC, 2005). In laboratory studies, the virus has shown the magnate to be spread via aerosol between rhesus monkeys (Johnson et al., 1995), and while some authors such as Heeney (2006) list the virus as bei ng aerosol, there have so far been no such documented cases in a real-world context of use between humans (CDC, 2005 Dowell et al., 1999).SymptomsThe World health government activity (2004) lists the main symptoms of the Ebolavirus as being a sudden onset of fever, attended by intense weakness and muscle pain, headaches and a sore throat. by and by a few days this is followed by vomiting and diarrhoea, rashes, liver and kidney dysfunction and sometimes also some(prenominal) internal and external bleeding.PathogenesisThe pathogenesis of Ebolavirus is currently very hard to study, due to the rarity of occurrences in humans, and also due to the weighty nature of collecting, storing and analysing samples from those cases. The illness is severe due to the ability of the virus to supress both adaptive and innate immune responses, and the ability to cause extreme rabble-rousing responses and intravascular coagulation (Mahanty and Bray, 2004).At the current time it is thought that m onocytes and macrophages in the body are infected during the early stages of the virus, and these then carry the virus to other areas (Sanchez et al., 2004). The infected monocytes express large amounts of tissue factor, leading to intravascular coagulation, and causing tissue damage. Infected macrophages secrete cytokines which cause apoptosis of lymphocytes in tissues that are needed for the acquired immune response (Peters, 2005), hence the presence of leucopenia in blood count results. The mobile infected cells carry the viral agent to lymph nodes, where the virus further replicates and is spread through the body. Upon reaching the liver, spleen and other tissues, parenchymal cells, including hepatocytes and adrenal cortical cells will become infected (Mahanty and Bray, 2004). This is what leads to the enlarged organs, and will also result in an increase in the levels of liver enzymes in the blood.Prophylaxis and TreatmentSome progress has been made in the formation of vaccines , and these have proved successful in testing on non-human primates (Hensley et al., 2005). However other sources report that all attempts so far have met with outright failure (Peters, 2005). barrier nursing techniques appear to be effective in preventing the spread of the disease (Dowell et al., 1999 Formenty et al., 1999).PrognosisThe Zaire strain of Ebolavirus is reportedly the most lethal (Mahanty and Bray, 2004) there is only one reported case of a human detection the Ivory Coast strain, presenting similarly to the patient, and they survived (Formenty et al., 1999). It is very difficult to form an perfect prognosis however due to the limited results on which to base it.ReferencesBayer A.S., Ward J.I., Ginzton L.E. and Shapiro S.M. (1994) Evaluation of new clinical criteria for the diagnosis of infective endocarditis. American ledger of Medicine, 96 (3), pp.220-2Brooks G.F., Butel J.S. and Morse S.A. (2004) Medical Microbiology 23rd Edition. McGraw-Hill, p.197CDC (2005) Cen tres for Disease Control and Prevention online- November 18, 2005.- available from http//www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvrd/spb/mnpages/dispages/ebola/qa.htm cited February 2, 2007Cecchi E., Parrini I., Chinaglia A., Pomari F., Brusasco G., Bobbio M., Trinchero R. and Brusca A. (1997) peeled diagnostic criteria for infective endocarditis. A study of sensitivity and specificity Eureopean Heart Journal, 18 (7), pp. 1149-56Dowell S. F., Mukunu R., Ksiazek T. G., Khan A. S., Rollin P. E. and Peters C. J. (1999) Transmission of Ebola haemorrhagic fever A study of risk factors in family members, Kikwit, Democratic res publica of the Congo, 1995. Journal of infected Disease, 179 Suppl. 1, pp. S87-S91Durack D.T., Lukes A.S. and Bright D.K. (1994) New criteria for diagnosis of infective endocarditis practice of specific echocardiographic findings, American Journal of Medicine, 96 (3), pp. 200-9Elliott M., Hastings U., Desselberger R. and Reid G. (1997) Lecture Notes on Medical Microbiology Oxford, UK Blackwell Publishing, pp.30-1Formenty P., Hatz C., Le Guenno B., Stoll A., Rogenmoser P. and Widmer A. (1999) Human infection due to Ebola virus, subtype Cote dIvoire clinical and biologic presentation. Journal of Infectious Diease, 179 Suppl. 1, pp.S48-S53Heeney J.L. (2006) Zoonotic viral diseases and the frontier of early diagnosis, control and prevention. Journal of Internal Medicine, 260, pp. 399-408Hensley L., Jones S., Feldmann H., Jahrling P. and Geisbert T. (2005) Ebola and Marburg viruses Pathogenesis and development of countermeasures. Current Molecular Medicine, 5, pp. 761 772Heritage J., Evans E.G.V. and Killington R.A. (1999) Microbiology in Action. Cambridge, UK Cambridge University Press, p. 185Hoen B., Selton-Suty C., Danchin N., Weber M., Villemot J.P., Mathieu P., Floquet J. and Canton P. (1995) Evaluation of the Duke criteria versus the Beth Israel criteria for the diagnosis of infective endocarditis. Clinical Infectious Disease,21 (4), pp. 905-9Johnson A.P. et al. (2001) Antibiotic susceptibility of streptococci and related genera causing endocarditis analysis of UK savoir-faire laboratory referrals, January 1996 to March 2000. BMJ, 322, p. 7283Johnson E., Jaax N., White J. and Jahrling P. (1995) Lethal experimental infections of rhesus monkeys by aerosolized Ebola virus. International Journal of Experimental Pathology, 76 (4), pp. 227-236Karth G.D. et al. (2002) Complicated infective endocarditis necessitating ICU admission clinical course and prognosis. Critical Care, 6 (2), pp. 149 154Kurosaki Y., Takada A., Ebihara H., Grolla A., Kamo N., Feldmann H., Kawaoka Y. and Yasuda J. (2006) rapid and simple detection of Ebola virus by reverse transcription-loop-mediated isothermal amplification. Journal of Virological Methods, doi 10.1016.Li J.S., Sexton D.J., Mick N., Nettles R., Fowler V.G., Ryan T., Bashore T. and Corey G.R. (2000) Proposed modifications to the Duke Criteria for the diagnosis of Infective Endocarditis. Clinical Infe ctious Disease, 30, pp.633-638Mahanty S. and Bray M. (2004) Pathogenesis of filoviral haemorrhagic fevers. The Lancet, 4 (8) pp. 487-498Moon M.R., Stinson E.B. and moth miller D.C. (1997) Surgical treatment of endocarditis. Progress in Cardiovascular Diease, 40 (3) pp. 239-64OConnor D. (2002) Pathology. Elsevier Health SciencesPeters C. J. (2005) Marburg and Ebola Arming ourselves against the deadly filoviruses. New England Journal of Medicine, 325 (25), pp. 2571-2573.Peterson A.T., Bauer J.T. and Mills J.N. (2004) Ecologic and geographic distribution of filovirus disease. Emerging Infectious Dieases, 10 (1), pp. 40-7.Ramsdale D.R. et al (2004) Dental aspects of Endocarditis Prophylaxis New Recommendations from a Working Group of the British Cardiac Society Clinical recital Committee and Royal College of Physicians Clinical Effectiveness and Evaluation unit Report Working Group of the British Cardiac Society Clinical Practice Committee and Royal College of Physicians Clinical E ffectiveness and Evaluation, 19 April 2004.Sanchez A., Lukwiya M., Bausch D., Manharty S., Sanchez A., Wagoner K. and Rollin P. (2004) compendium of human peripheral blood samples from fatal and nonfatl cases of Ebola (Sudan) haemorrhagic fever cellular responses, virus oad and nitric oxide levels. Journal of Virology, 78 (19), pp.10370-10377.Towner J.S. et al. (2004) Rapid diagnosis of Ebola hemorrhagic fever by reverse transcription-PCR in an outbreak setting and assessment of patient viral load as a soothsayer of outcome. Journal of Virology, 78 (8), pp. 4330-4341WHO (2005) World Health Organisation Ebola Factsheet Onlineavailable at http//www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs103/en/index.html cited February 2, 2007

Victorian Maternity Essay -- Victorian Era

puritanic maternityWorking Class maternal qualityAccording to author Helena Wojtczak, the average work class married woman was either pregnant or breast-feeding from wedding day to menopause, bearing or so eight pregnancies, and ultimately raising approximately five children. This overflow of matter was most likely linked to the fact that birth control belles-lettres was illegal at the time (Wojtczak). Wohls research of the difficulties in Victorian childbirth shows that a combination of a nutrient deficient diet, and a substantial deficiency of both height and weight prevalent in urban working class Victorian women very likely contributed to an extremely high number of premature births, and consequently, a high infant mortality rate rate. Also, working class women were expected to continue working throughout their absolute pregnancy. Examples of this prejudice can be found in Victorian articles such as The Rearing and Management of Children Mother and Baby in Cassells hab itation Guide. The article alleges that, He who placed one woman in a position where labour and exertion are parts of her existence, gives her a stronger state of body than her more luxurious sisters. To one inured to toil from childhood, run-of-the-mine work is merely exercise, and, as such, necessary to keep up her bodily powers, though extra work should be, of course, avoided as much as possible. In reference to pregnancy outside of marriage, Wojtczak notes that it was notably common for a working class woman to become pregnant out of wedlock, and due to the brotherly stigma involved, and the possibility of unemployment, these women often chose to conceal their pregnancy.Middle Class MaternityBy the mid nineteenth century, Abrams states that Victorian middle cl... ...ther and Baby. Cassells Household Guide, sweet and Revised Edition. C.1880s no date. Victorian London. Lee Jackson, Ed. Vol. I. Pg. 10. 8 November 2004 .Wohl, Anthony S. Women and Victorian Public health Diffi culties in Childbirth. The Victorian Web Literature, History and socialization in the hop on of Victoria. George P. Landlow. 29 June 2002. National University at Singapore. 8 November 2004. .Wojtczak, Helena. Pregnancy and Childbirth. English friendly History Women of Nineteenth-Century Hastings and St.Leonards. An Illustrated Historical Miscellany. The Hastings Press. The Victorian Web Literature, History, and Culture in the age of Victoria. George P. Landlow. National University at Singapore. 8 November 2004

A Child Called It Essay -- Dave Pelzer

A Child Called ItA Child Called It is the novel of a young boy who, in order to survive, must contentment over the physical, emotional, and medical abuse created by his get down. The exploitation of alcohol plays an all important(predicate) role in the abuse by the mother and the neglect to gain and the courage to intervene the problems by Daves father. Dave considered the abuse he endured by his mother, games. But he always tried to be one dispirited step a capitulum of her.Like Death From Child Abuse . . . And No One Heard, the outside world does nothing to help out a small child suffering from various forms of abuse. The few people who took beak were Davids teachers and the school nurse. Yet it took them a considerable amount of measure to finally build up suspicion and finally report Daves problems to the proper authorities. I find the unreported instances observed by the customary to be just as substantial a crime as the child abusers themselves. One of the things I en joyed and always found myself grinning well-nigh was the spunk that Dave had. He was crafty enough to stall his mothers efforts of physical and emotional cruelty just long enough for his dad to arrive, and he would not receive the most severe option of the abuse. When his mother attempted to make him eat his brothers stool, he held his head outside just long enough to get it taken away at the last second as his father drove up from work. The games that his mother would make him play would turn deadly. He ha...

Critique of Communism in Animal Farm by George Orwell Essay -- Animal

Karl Marxs perfect companionship exposit in his Communist manifesto is in direct conflict with the instruction execution of Soviet Communism, which was scathingly criticized by George Orwells book tool Farm. Karl Marx believed that in order to form a just and equal society, the working class, called the proletariat, would confound to bowl over those who owned the means of production, who were know as the bourgeoisie. This was to be known as the Proletariat Revolution where the oppress laborers in capitalist societies, such(prenominal) as England, would unite under a common cause to overthrow the oppressive bourgeoisie, and establish a communist society. This would be a society where all were equal, each performing to his ability, and each receiving according to his needs. A dictatorship would be necessary at first to get the ball rolling, only would eventually voluntarily give up power, as it would no semipermanent be needed. However, this was never destined to be. The rise of the Soviet Union was a testament to this, brilliantly depicted and condemned by George Orwell.Marx hold backed the Communist Manifesto with the fighting words WORKING MEN OF ALL COUNTRIES, UNITE (Marxism, 44). This was to be the inspiration for the proletariat to band together and realize that they were being oppressed by the bourgeoisie. After they realize this, they would rebel, in which a revolution would civilise place where the proletariat would be victorious over the bourgeoisie. rare Major, the first pig in Animal Farm was the animal recreation of Karl Marx. He professed, Whatever goes upon two legs is an enemy. Whatever goes upon four legs, or has wings, is a champ (Orwell, 31). In this case, man is the bourgeoisie and the animals are the proletariat. Both Karl Marx and Old Maj... ...re severance every rule that they themselves had put forth in accordance with Old Majors revolutionary vision. Animal Farm was a reverberate image of communism gone awry in the Sovie t Union. It likewise shows Marxs naivety of the fact that there will always be the slick that take advantage of the ignorant. By keeping the population ignorant, the clever gain even more power, which is was happened in the Soviet Union and Animal Farm. The ones that took part in the revolutions would never realize that they were holding the short end of the stick, just as they were in their previous nominate of affairs. They were cold, miserable, and starving. In their brainwash state they still believed that the dismal state they were in was better than their line before the revolution. George Orwell finished his book on a somber note, the state in which Joseph Stalin left the Soviet Union.

Power of Art, Creativity, and Imagination in Children’s Literature Essa

Power of Art, Creativity, and Imagination in Childrens litImagination is the true magic carpet ride, as Norman Vincent Peale at once said. Indeed this proves to be true in Crockett Johnsons, Harold and the Purple Crayon, when Harold, a exquisite boy with a large imagination, creates his world using a over-embellished crayon. Also, Leo Lionni uses a mouse named Fredrick to capture colors and sunrays in his Caldecott pleasing book Fredrick. However, imagination is not the only tool utilized in these books art, and the power found in creativity are equally stressed. Also, opus both books contain these three elements they address them in different ways. some(prenominal) Harold and the Purple Crayon and Fredrick illustrate art as a mean(a) for imagination and power however, Fredrick emphasizes the effect of art on the community age Harold plays with his purple crayon seeing it a source for his own entertainment. Fredrick, a small field mouse, comes from the well spring of L eo Lionnis brainpower to symbolize the impact art and imagination has on the community. Fredrick, unlike the relaxation of ...

Metternich The Leader :: essays research papers

Prince Klemens von Metternich His Ideology, his Role in History, and the Stories we Tell.      Metternich was an extremely intelligent man who turned his traditionalist beliefs into international policy. Metternich was a confident leader who put little belief in popular opinion or sentiment because he believed that the parkland man was too fickle in his loyalties and too inept to empathise the magnitude of foreign policy. He was a loyal "servant" to the Austrian Emperor, even though Metternich was the true head of the conglomerates government. Prince Klemens von Metternich was a complex soul that embodied the principles of 19th century conservatism and, through his Congress of Vienna, guide the major European powers to a period of long-lasting peace and a strong balance of power.     Metternich is tumesce known for the Metternich System, which was put into practice during his roughly notable success, the Congress of Vienna of 1 815. Metternich, additionally, was the guiding spirit of the international congresses, Aachen, Carlsbad, Troppau, Laibach, and Verona and was the drumhead statesman of the Holy Alliance. The Congress of Vienna, though, and the agreements that followed were the basis for, "no war involving several(prenominal) powers until the Crimean conflicts of the 1850s and no major war embroiling the whole of Europe until 1914." Metternichs goal, however, was not a peaceful Europe for the sake of peace, but for the preservation of the Austrian Empire who was threatened by possible aggressors on all sides, as well as, his personal loathing for liberalism and revolutionary behavior. Moreover, the Congress of Vienna gave Metternich the opportunity to shanghai his values of conservatism into the other leaders of Europe in a time when liberalism and revolution were the predominant political trends. Even though Metternich was a firm believer in the conservative values of his time, he worked t o dispense those ideas in 1815 for the more pragmatic reason of balancing power in the European Concert rather than for abstract ideologies.     In the time side by side(p) the Congress of Vienna, Metternichs amazing negotiations balanced the tendencies of an expanding Russia, with the isolationist mentality of Great Britain, as well as dealing with Prussian supremacy in the German confederation and maintaining Bourbon satisfaction with the status quo. The fact that he was able to do all this gave justification to the fact that, "Metternich remarked near the end of his life that historians would attempt him more fairly than his contemporaries, and his prophecy has proven uncannily accurate.

Teaching Philosophy :: Education Teachers Classroom Essays

pedagogy Philosophy Teachers argon the sculptors of every childs future. No separate job comes with the satisfaction of knowing that you have made at to the lowest degree the slightest difference in a childs life. Little things that you pronounce and do exit al right smarts be remembered. Not only leave you be a teacher but you testament also assume the role as, a friend, mentor, hero, and many others. As a teacher I plan to run my classroom with rules and consequences, but my students allow for realize that they are treated fairly. They will have a articulatio and say so concerning what goes on in the classroom. Seating arrangements will depend on classroom instructional activi associates. There will be lots of group activities, since about kindergarteners arent used to being around children their own age. The room will be bright and very colorful to keep their senses alert. My bulletin boards will display the calendar, colors, numbers, and t he alphabet. They will include people from all cultures on them. I will have learning centers around the room that the students will be able to go to in their free time. These centers will teach the students to tie their shoes, button their clothes, cut out shapes, color in the lines, and other adjunct skills. My classroom will be run in a classless fashion, which is pragmatism. The students will have lots of say so over the rules and the way the classroom is run. It will be child centered since the students will be the most important part of the classroom. They will have a voice and say so concerning what goes on in the classroom. These are examples of how I will use the existentialism philosophy. I will be a take in in the learning process of my students. I would establish a non-authoritarian classroom. I want my students to see me as their instructor, not their boss or potence figure. I will run a facilitating classroom with circle sit down arrangements, st udent centered activities, problem solving, and reciprocal teaching. I feel as if I am a pragmatist and I will use the conjecture or progressivism to run my classroom.

The Downfall Of Macbeth In Mac :: essays research papers

People and nouss can greatly affect the way fall out of a persons life, determining whether the outcome will be successful or disastrous. Decisions and actions can also influence outcome. This is the case in Macbeth. Many factors move the ruin of Macbeth and for that reason, all the blame for his downfall cannot be placed on Macbeth himself, despite the fact that he is the one that passs or has people commit the murders which lead to his downfall. Lady Macbeths encouragement and convincing lead Macbeth to take the prime(prenominal) step towards his destruction. The witches and their prophecies atomic number 18 equally accountable, since the witches reveal their predictions to Macbeth, giving him a glimpse into his future. This glimpse represents the beginning of the end of his life. Macbeth and Lady Macbeth, as well as the witches and their prophecies are all responsible for Macbeths downfall.The witches are responsible for the downfall of Macbeth because they are the ones wh ich reveal the prophecies to Macbeth.1. Witch. All hail, Macbeth Hail to thee, Thane of Glamis2. Witch. All hail, Macbeth Hail to thee, Thane of Cawdor3. Witch. All hail, Macbeth, that shalt be office here-after1If Macbeth had neer encountered the witches, they would never have revealed the prophecies to him. He would have become the Thane of Cawdor, and he would never have even considered the idea of making himself the King of Scotland. It would have remained a fantasy that would probably never have come true in the way that it did.The witches are the ones who lease Macbeth to discover his future, and by doing this, they give him the opportunity to consider making the forecasting come true. The only way to do this is to murder Duncan, the present King of Scotland. At first he is reluctant to do so. Lady Macbeth points out that he has the perfect opportunity, since the King will be spending the nighttime at their castle, Inverness. Macbeths conscience, however, is holding him b ack from committing the murder.Hes here in double verifyFirst, as I am his kinsman and his subject,Strong both against the deed whence as his host,Who should against his murderer shut the door.Not bear the knife myself. (I. Vii. ll 12-16)He realizes that he has a responsibility to Duncan to protect him from a murderer and not to actually murder Duncan himself. Macbeth is also supposed to be loyal to the king, curiously since he is a relative and a subject.

Caribbean Society Essay -- Plantations Caribbean History Essays

Caribbean SocietyAn Essay on the socialisation of Incarceration A suggestion was made, in the context of the classroom place setting that an interesting assignment would be to question shoppers at a suburban mall about slavery in the Caribbean and to capture the responses on videotape. An sign thought in response to this suggestion was to wonder just how peerless would go about eliciting any sort of meaningful response from a likely ill-informed and possibly disinterested group of consumers in central computerized axial tomography on this subject. Obviously, to ask questions in survey fashion regarding which Caribbean Island the respondent index prefer to vacation at during these cold weather months would produce any(prenominal) informed opinions. That being the case, it seems only fair, even logical, that one should hurt nigh understanding of the temper of slavery that once existed there, from which its present population has emerged. inclined the desirability and populari ty of such vacation destinations, it would be of paramount insensitivity to not understand its history of slavery, the foundation of its society.A Society Imposed from europium and AfricaThe arrival of Columbus and the Spanish at the end of the 15th light speed represented an economic consolation prize of sorts for failure to make the eastern India connection. The discovery of precious metals soon helped them forget the spices of the Orient, however, and the indigenous Arawak people were chop-chop pressed into service in the mining of them. In subsequent decades, great quantities of gold and especially silver were found further west, in Mexico and Peru, and the imperial attentions shifted there. Left behind were the now Spanish controlled islands of the Caribbean to function primarily as provisions... ...ation arrangement was its capacity to regimentally control the activity of the overwhelming majority of the population in the service of monocrop production for export. The implications are that the degrading and dehumanizing nature of slavery was subinfeudated into the dependency of an entire islands population on the supremacy of the plantation enterprise. Since nearly all suitable land was devoted to the plantation, normally sugar, importation of food was often required. This then translates into the dismal reality that, sequence life as a slave on the plantation was an unsupportable existence that portended a short life-expectancy, life outside of it may have an even less certain survival, particularly on the smaller, plantation-saturated islands such as Barbados. It is this entrapment that defined the masses of humanity residing in the Caribbean for several centuries.

What Sparked the Russian Revolution? :: Russian Russia History

What Sparked the Russian Revolution?The Russian Revolution took place during difficult time in Russia. These troubles began before universe of discourse War I and lasted up until 1930s. Russias population was do up of for the most part poor, starving peasants. A small working and middle class began to stick up to help industrialize Russia. But a corrupt government made it difficult for Russia to advance. This added to the turmoil. World War I placed a right hurt on Russia. Although at first it raised national fleece and enthusiasm, it quickly drained resources and poorly trained peasants quickly found themselves engagement with no weapons. This war sent over 2 million Russians to their decease in 1915 alone. Turning points for the Russian revolution were the March Revolution, the November Revolution and Stalin sexual climax to power. By March 1917, disasters on the battlefield, combined with food and fuel shortages on the front, brought the monarchy to collapse. In St. Peter sburg workers were going on strike. Marchers, mostly women were shouting, prick Bread Bread Troops refused to fire on demonstrators, leaving the government helpless. Duma politicians setup a temporary government/ Middle class liberals prepared a organization for a new Russian republic. At the same time they go along the war with Germany. That decision proved fatal. Most Russians were fed up with the war and returned home, leaving the front. Peasants wanted land and people wanted food. Cities set up soviets, council of workers and soldiers, which worked dramatically within the government. Before long a radical loving group took charge called the Bolsheviks emerged. Their leader was V.I. Lenin. During the November revolution the Bolsheviks decided to further the revolution. They stormed capital of the Russian Federation and took it as their capital. With this newly acquired city they gained land, which was split amongst the peasants. Workers were given control of factories and min es. For a period of time there was bliss in the country. But battles legato waged on between the reds and whites, and civil wars grew. Poland, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania all broke free scarce flag-waving(a)s in Ukraine, the Caucasus, and Central Asia were eventually subdued. Allie forces placed a hurt on Russia as well. They joined the white that wanted to continue the war against Germany. Although they didnt win the allies left a hurt on Russian nationalist who were roused and continued battles against Russia. In 1920 Joseph Stalin came to power as general secretary of the party.

Truth and Hypocrisy in Animal Farm and The Scarlet Letter :: essays research papers fc

Truth and Hypocrisy In beast Farm and The cherry LetterLies are often distorted into truth by those in power, who eventually become hypocrites as they continue to delude for selfish gain. In the process of this distortion, they will do everything possible to conceal and maintain their hungriness for dominance and deference. This theme of truth ( or lack thereof ) and last-ditch hypocrisy is skillfully shown through Napoleon in George Orwells Animal Farm, and Reverend Dimmesdale in Nathaniel Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter. One of the most worthy characteristics shared by Napoleon and Reverend Dimmesdale is their ability to skillfully shepherds crook guiles into the truth. In Animal Farm, Napoleon is relentless in his deception of the some other animals. According to Graham Greene ( Bloom, 1996, 21), he is a consummate powermonger who can skillfully undermine any idea that isnt his own. The first signs of his dishonesty are shown when he hoards the draw and apples, with a mes sage to the others that It is for your sake that we drink that milk and eat those apples. ( Orwell, 52 ) From there, the lies only increase in frequency and size. Its easy to compare this to the deceptive nature of Reverend Arthur Dimmesdale of The Scarlet Letter. The young minister of religion veils his sin from his Puritanical community by cultivating an image that is furthest from the real truth.( Johnson, 14) From the revelation of Hesters scarlet letter to that of his own, Dimmesdale conceals his shame by portraying himself as a miracle of holiness. ( Hawthorne, 139) Thus, both Napoleon and the minister share the negative attribute of fraudulence throughout their respective novels.another(prenominal) notable comparison between the two novels is that both Napoleon and Dimmesdale lie for ambition. This is distinctly observable in Animal Farm, where the pigs take the immediate possible action to establish themselves as the leaders. Napoleon is instantly placed as a head, being the only Berkshire boar on the farm that has a theme for getting his own way. ( Orwell, 35 ) From the moment the animals beat Jones out of the farm, its obvious that Napoleon is shrewdly planning to fill the farmers position. He envisions plans that will benefit only himself, yet make him turn out to be working for everyones advantage. ( Allen, 37 ) Thus, he will countermand in the animals eyes as a caring and considerate leader. This is exemplified by his

The Advance of eBusiness Essay -- Internet Technology Businesses Essay

The advancement of eBusiness A major societal change that has resulted from the wind vane is the proliferation of origines on the web (eBusiness). Businesses on the web can be classified into two types those who demand physical stores outside of the web (like Gap) and those that were created for the sole purpose of functioning d iodin the web (like eBay). According to Marshall McLuhan, in his book Understanding Media The Extensions of Man, once a new technology comes in a social surround it cannot cease to permeate that milieu until every institution is saturated (241). I believe this is exactly what the web has done to American and international societies. The web has saturated nearly every aspect of life including education, leisure, communication, and most specifically, business and commerce. The rapid increase in on-line businesses has created the availability of any products one could possibly imagine. More than likely, if you cannot find what you are looking for in a st ore, you can find it on the web. In addition, many businesses that were once prosperous without the web, be possessed of now come to look across the new domain of web sales. As it states in Principles of Web Design, powerful corporations like AT&T, Disney, and Microsoft have expanded their business opportunities to the web and have successfully come to dominate business (106). Positive Aspects of eBusinessThere are many positive and ostracise consequences of the proliferation of businesses on the web. From a positive ...

Farming Safety and Production :: Food Safety

Over a hundred years past the idea of farming and food for thought consumption was very unlike thus it is today. Regulation, education about health, research and technology, food processing, marketing, and wholesale has changed the food industry and the agriculture itself. Before going to the market or grocery inventory meant going to your back yard where you knew where everything was being grown and how it was being interpreted care of. Nowadays the majority of plurality do not ready their own animals or grow their own vegetables they go to a volumed chain or even a tinyer local neckcloth to buy their food. When it comes to food safely and food action large farms and small farms are being negatively affected in many different areas. The current issues dealing with food safely and food production are, because in that location are a few big plants running are production of food its causing nation capacious food poisoning and contamination, the humans wants to a greater e xtent regulation and centralized on farms which is then putting financial pressure on local farms, feedlots for animals, and our food is subject to terrorist attacks because only more then half our nations food is produced in the same place. I accept the way to fix our problem is to be informed and get involved. wholeness of the main issues facing farming safety and production today is the item that a few big plants are producing the mass majority of our food. Because our food is being produced, cleaned and handled in one place its causing nation wide poisoning and contamination of our meats and vegetables. For example, four companies produce eighty percent of Americans grouse and one company produces thirty percent of our milk. (p.388) This means when an outbreak occurs its harder to re-call all of the produced because most stores all over the nation are interchange the food. It also means that more people are going to be affected and become ill. If a local store were to sell freehanded prickly-seeded spinach to five costumers in a small town its easier to control, manage, sign and inform those customers instead of have a large amount of people getting ill. Two hundred Americans in 26 states were sickened by spinach that had E. Coli. (p.388) The Center Disease Control for and Prevention approximation that our food supplies sickens 76 million, putting more than 300, 000 in the hospital and killing 5,000 Americans every year.

Alienation Exposed in Richard Wrights Black Boy :: Wright Black Boy Essays

Alienation Exposed in Black Boy From the early days of Richards childhood, Richard was perpetually lost from his environment. Even though he tried to distance himself from the prejudice only around him, the gaberdine throng still tried to turn him into the uninventive southern black person. However, throughout the story Richard is also alienated by his own people and perhaps even more then from the white people. Richard was always a rebel, from his boyhood to his older teenage years. Richards grandmother was always excessively beating him. From the beginning, Richard would not subdue himself to the white man handle the other black people around. The white people knew that he was assorted from other black men. Whites were scared because Richard challenged the system that they had created to insure white supremacy. They feared Richard, and close to of the white people felt it necessary to act out their racialist feelings in order to cover up their fear. White coworker s beat Richard because his tribal chief was kind to him. Richard later had to leave a good job because those racialist co-workers would kill him. When the principal at Richards school had asked Richard to give a speech to a large audience of white and black people, Richard refused to present the principals prepared speech. By reading the principals speech, Richard was saying what the white power wanted him to say and to Richard this would be large in to the very thing he hated so much. Richard was free to leave school without a diploma instead of this. White people alienated Richard from his environment because he did not accept the way of vivification that other black people did. Richards relatives never understood Richard and because of this he was alienated from his family and his own people. Shorty is the young black boy who gets beat by the white people and jokes about it. Richard hates Shorty because he accepts what Richard finds so disgusting. Richard goes over in his mind the different choices he can make to deal with the feelings he has. Richard does not want to give in and be a hard worker to the white people. He would never give in and become a slave because he has hated that idea since day one. Richard contemplates transferring his hatred and licking out on other blacks, but knows that will not attend to the situation.